THE  GIFT  OF 

WILLIAM  G.  KERCKHOFF 

TO  THE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 
AT  LOS  ANGELES 


THE  LIBRARY  OF 
FRIEDRICH  KLUGE 


.       Y  of  CALIFORNIA 

AT 

LOS  ANGELES 
LIBRARY 


SEMITIC  AND    OTHER    GLOSSES 

TO 

KLUGE'S 

EtymologischesWorterbuch 

DEK 

DEUTSCHEN  SPRACHE. 

BV 

WM.     MUSS-ARNOLT. 


BALTIMORE  : 
1890. 


121486 


LGG4 


'  Musst  auf  Wortes  Ursprung  Achtung  geben, 
Wie  auch  fern  er  ihm  verloren  sei.' 

RiJCKERT. 

£,  *KLUGE'S  Worterbuch  has  reached,  within 

{IJ  six  years,  the  fourth  edition — an  almost  unpre- 

cedented success  for  an  etymological  diction- 
ary.     Received   on   all   sides   with   words   of 
*  highest   praise  and  commendation — with  the 

.  single  exception  of  ADALBERT  BEZZENBERG- 

•^  KR'S  censures  in  the  Gottingische  Gelehrten 

jjj  Anzeigen  of  1883 — the  book  has  become  one  of 

the  few  standard  works  '  to  be  found  on  the 
^Q  shelves  of  every  student  of  the  Indo-Germanic 

3  languages.'     Such  praise,  no  doubt,  encourag- 

f~i 

s> 

*iv.  Aufl.  Strassburg  :  Karl  J.  Trubner,  1890. 

Deprinted  from  the  MODERN  LANGUAGE  NOTES,  Vol.    v, 
No.  8,  1890. 


\VM.    MUSS-ARNOLT 


ed  the  Triibners  to  publish  along  with  the 
fourth  edition  an  announcement,  from  which  I 
have  selected  this  extract :  Eine  abschlies- 
sende1  lexicalische  Bearbeitung  der  Etymolo- 
gic des  neuhochdeutschen  Sprachschatzes  gab 
es  vordem  E>scheinen  der  ersten  Auflage  von 
Kluge's  etymologischen  Wdrterbuch  nicht. 
Alle  bisher  erschienenen  haben  die  Etymolo- 
gic nicht  auf  der  breiten  Grundlage  der  ver- 
gleichenden  Sprachforschung  erschopfend  be- 
handelt. 

Der  Verfasser  des  vorliegenden  Werkes  hat 
es  unternommen,  auf  Grund  der  zerstreuten 
Einzelforschungen,  und  seiner  eigenen  mehr- 
jahrigen  Studien  ein  Etymologisches  Worter- 
buch des  deutschen  Sprachschatzes  auszuar- 
beiten,  das  dem  gegenwartigen  Stande  der 
Wissenschaft  entspricht.  Er  hat  es  sich  zur 
Aufgabe  gemacht,  Form  und  Bedeutimg  jedes 
Wortes  bis  hinauf  zu  den  letzten  Quellen  zu 
verfolgen,  die  Beziehungen  zu  den  klassischen 
Sprachen  in  gleichem  Maasse  betonend,  wie 
das  Verwandschaftsverhaltniss  zu  den  iibri- 
gengermanischenund  romaniscfien  Sprachen. 
Selbst  die  Vergleichung  mit  den  entfernteren 
Orientalischen  (Sanskrit  und  Zend),  den  kelti- 
schen  und  slavischen  Sprachen  ist  in  alien 
Fallen  herangezogen,  wo  die  Forschung  cine 

i  The  italics  are  introduced  by  the  writer  of  this  paper. 


ON  KLUGE'S  DICTIONARY. 


Verwandtschaft  festzustellen  vermag,  und  wo 
diese  Verwandtschaft  zugleich  Licht  auf  die 
Urzeit  des  germanischen  Lebens  wirft.' 

The  writer  of  the  following  notes  has  occu- 
pied himself  with  Teutonic  languages  and 
cheerfully  acknowledges  the  great  merits  of 
KLUGE'S  work  in  the  field  of  Teutonic  ety- 
mology and  phonetics  ;  but  it  will  be  seen  in 
the  course  of  these  remarks  that  author  and 
publisher  were  by  no  means  morally  entitled 
to  print  in  their  announcement  the  above- 
quoted  extract.  To  write  a  good  etymological 
dictionary  of  the  German  or  any  other  modern 
language  presupposes  not  merely  a  slight 
but  an  intimate  and  accurate  knowledge  of  the 
Classical  as  well  as  of  the  Oriental,  especial- 
ly the  Semitic,  languages.  The  following 
paper  endeavors  to  supply  some  of  KLUGE'S 
deficiencies  in  the  last-named  direction,  and 
the  writer  acknowleges  his  indebtedness, 
above  all,  to  the  works  of  PAUL  DE  LAGARDE, 
Dr.  Theol.  and  Phil.,  Professor  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Gottingen  (Germany).  It  is  a  matter 
of  deep  regret  that  the  results  of  the  learned 


WM.    MUSS-ARNOLT 


professor's  investigations  are  for  the  most  part 
tot  geschwiegen  by  Indo-Germanic  scholars, 
and  lebendig  geschwiegen  by  a  number  of 
Sanskrit  and  Semitic  students — the  one  omis- 
sion being  about  as  bad  and  exasperating  as 
the  other. 

For  a  future  edition  of  this  work  I  have  also 
taken  the  liberty  of  suggesting  a  number  of 
German  desiderata  which  one  might  natural- 
ly look  for  in  a  book  considered  by  all  scholars 
as  the  standard  etymological  dictionary  of  the 
German  language.  The  first  and  fourth 
editions  have  been  carefully  collated,  and  the 
results  of  the  whole  investigation  are  herewith 
submitted  to  the  readers  of  MOD.  LANG. 
NOTES. 

KLUGE  discusses  Alabaster,  Alchimie,  Al- 
manack, etc.,  but  why  not  Admiral,  Alkohol 
(see  ZDMG  v,  242  ff.)2 — We  should  expect  to 

2  To  save  space  I  have  employed  the  following  abbrevia- 
tions :  Arab.=Arabic ;  Du.=Dutch  ;  Eng.=English;  Fr.= 
French  &  O.  Fr.==Old  French  ;  Hebr.=Hebrew ;  It.=Italian. 
Lat.=Latin  ;  Port.=Portuguese  ;  Prov.=Provencal ;  Skt.= 
Sanskrit ;  Sp.=Spanish  ;  O.H.G.=Old-High-German  ;  M.H  . 


ON  KLUGE'S  DICTIONARY. 


find  Apfelsine:  Du.  appelsina,  i.  e.,  apple  im- 
ported from  Messina;  Aprikose,  Engl.  apri- 
cot from  Fr.  abricot<Sp.  Port,  arbicocco,  «/- 
buricoque,  this  from  Arab,  al-barqtiq,  which  is 
the  Byzantine  fiFpiHOKHa=TrpaTH('mxia—L&\.\v\ 
(mala)  praecocia— praecoqua  :  LAG.  'Abh.'  44 
rem.  3;  SKEAT,  s.  v. — Atlas  (satin)  from  Arab, 
atlas,  'polished,  varnished,'  whence  also  Polish 
atlas. — Ampel  (O.H.G.  ampulla)  KLUGE  con- 
nects correctly  with  Lat.  ampulla  ;  but  here  he 
stops,  contrary  to  his  publishers'  announce- 

G.=Middle-High-German  ;  N.H.G.=New-High-German;  K. 
Z.=KUHN'S  ZEITSCHRIFT;  ZT)MG=Zeitschrift  der  Dent' 
schen  Morgenl&ndischen  Gcscllschaft  (Leipsic). 

Lag.  Abh.=PAUL  de  LAGARDE,  '  Gesammelte  Abhandlung- 
en,'  8vo,  304  pp.  Leipsic,  1866. 

Lag.  Arm.=LAGARDE,  'Armcnische  Studien,'  Gothingen, 
1877:  aus  dem  xxii.  Bande  der  Abhandhingen  der  kmigl. 
Gesellschaft  der  Wissenschaften  zu  Giittingen. 

Lag.  Nominal-formation^LAGARDE, '  Uebersicht  Uber  die 
im  Aramaischen,  Arabischen  und  Hebraischen  tibliche 
Bildung  der  Nomina.'  Gottingen,  1889  ;  aus  dem  xxxv. Bande 
der  Abhandhmgen. 

Frankel,  Fremdworter,  or  S.  Frankel=S.  FRANKEL.  'Die 
aramaischen  Fremdworter  im  Arabischen';  Leiden,  E.  J. 
Brill,  1886.  SKEAT=SKE*T'S  'Etymological  Dictionary  of  the 
English  Language,'  Oxford,  1882. 


WM.   MUSS-ARNOLT 


ment ;  we  should  have  liked  to  see  the  notice 
that  Latin  ampulla  (PLAUTUS)  stands  for  am- 
purla,  this  for  amphorulla,  a  diminutive  of  am- 
phora, which,  again,  is  borrowed  from  the 
Greek  aju(pop/jv'c=dju<pi<pofj£vt  (literally=Z«- 
ber  for  Zweiberi). — Anker,  we  are  told,  is  bor- 
rowed from  the  Lat.  ancora  ;  but  ancora  itself 
is  borrowed  from  the  Greek  ayxvpa.  Why 
does  KLUGE  not  mention  the  word  Maschine, 
from  Lat.  machina,  this  from  Greek  /n/xcrvi/?. 
Cf.  It.  macchina,  Fr.  machine,  whence  Engl. 
machine. — Arcubalista,  whence  arbalista, 
'  crossbow  '  is  here  referred  to  the  Lat.  arcus+ 
Greek  /fo'AAca ;  it  were  better  to  say  :  arcu- 
balista  is  a  compound  of  arcu(s)+bal(l)ista, 
like  manubalista,  currobalista ;  balista  (also 
ballistra,  whence  Sicil.  balestra),  sc.  machina, 
is  a  South  Italian  derivative  of  /J<rAAzt<a,  and 
this  comes  from  /fo'AAoj.  KLUGE  mentions 
Engl.  arbalist,  a  word  omitted  in  SKEAT'S 
dictionary. — The  word  amulet  is  omitted  in  the 
fourth  edition,  but  it  is  as  good  a  '  German- 
ized '  word  as  Alchimie,  etc.  ;  in  the  first 

3  Professor  LAGAKDE  queries  this  last  comparison. 


ON  KLUGE'S  DICTIONARY. 


edition  KL.  says  :  Amulet  (neutre)  from  the 
Lat. -Oriental  amuletum  (Fr.  amulette) 'talis- 
man ' ;  this  last  word  being  in  quotation  marks 
\ve  should  naturally  expect  to  find  it  mention- 
ed under  the  letter  T  ;  but  such  is  not  the 
case.  I  suppose  KLVGE  followed  SKEAT,  s.v. 
amulet  (Fr. -Lat. -Arabic) ;  but  amulet  is  not  a 
Semitic  word  at  all ;  Prof.  J.  GILDEMEISTER 
(ZDMG  xxxviii,  140-2)  rejects  the  usual  Ara- 
bic derivation  of  this  word  and  thinks  that,  as 
it  is  an  Old-Latin  word  mentioned  by  VARRO 
(ap.  Charisium  105,9  edit.  KEIL)  and  often 
used  by  PLINY,  its  origin  must  be  sought  in 
Latin  sources  (see  also  American  Journal  of 
Philology,  v,  531).  For  talisman  see  SKEAT. — 
The  articles  Alabaster,  Alchiinie  and  Alma- 
nack are  very  unsatisfactory  in  KLUGE,  as 
well  as  in  SKEAT.  'Alabaster,'  KLUGE  says,  is 
from  the  Lat. -Greek  alabastrum—  dXafla- 
6rp»i' ;  it  would  have  been  profitable  to  both 
KLUGE  and  SKEAT  to  read  BLAU'S  very  instruc- 
tive article  in  ZDMG  xxv,  528  ff. ;  aXdpaGrpov 
or  «/lft' '/j(f(5r/jo?  is  an  adjective  from  V/An'- 


10  WM.    MUSS-ARNOLT 

fiadrpa  ;  this  stands  for  al-bacra,  a  soft  stone 
of  white  color  (cf.  HERODOTUS  iii,  20).  Ro- 
mance scholars  treating  Fr.  albatre=Wal. 
albastru,  used  to  connect  it  with  Lat.  albus, 
white ;  but  both  stone  and  name  are  from 
Arabia ;  Greek  and  Latin  6r  (sf]  for  Semitic  c 
is  very  common  ;  e.  g.,  Greek  Bo'6rpa  for  Boc- 
ra,  MKtirpaiju—Hebr.  Micraim,  Lat.  castrum 
became  Arab,  qacr,  and  stratum=Arab.  crat- 
un,  etc. — Alchimie,  alchemy,  is  not  to  be  deriv- 
ed from  the  Greek  ju/fr/f,  through  the  medium 
of  Arabic  kimia-f-article  al-,  as  KL.  and  SK. 
teach  us ;  it  is  the  Coptic  chame  (black)-(- 
article  al-,  and  means  the  art  of  the  dark- 
skinned  Egyptians;  cf.  LAG.  'Abh.' 43,  rem.  2; 
ZDMG  xxx,  534  ff. ;  TECHMER'S  Zeitschr.\\, 
82. — To  save  space  I  would  refer  KL.  and  SK. 
for  Almanack  to  LAG.,  'Abh.,'  196,  5-25. 

Under  Bank  one  might  expect  a  notice  of 
'  die  Wechselbank,'  M.H.G.  der  Wehselbanc, 
table  of  the  money-changer,  from  It.  il  banca, 
Fr.  la  banque,  which,  again,  came  from  the 
German  'Bank.' — Speaking  of  Harte-=FSeil, 
mention  might  have  been  made  of  the  proverb: 


ON  KLUGE'S  DICTIONARY. 


"  Schlagst  du  mich  mit  der  Barte, 
Schlag  ich  dich  mit  dem  Beile" 

I  miss  befahren=\n.  Besorgniss  sein  ;  betatigen, 
changed  in  the  seventeenth  century  after  the 
analogy  of  Tat  from  betddigen=beteidigen= 
beteidingen,  i.  e.,  to  negotiate,  cf.  vertei- 
digen. — Brantwein.  Eng.  brandy,  =gebrann_ 
ter  ivein;  cf.  zum  branten  wein  (HANS 
SACHS); — bresthaft  (cf.  bersten=M.H.G.  bres- 
ten)  beside  presshaft;  cf.  Prass  from  Du. 
bras  for  brast='  Brast.' — The  etymology  of 
Balsam,  Engl.  balm,  ought  to  have  been 
better  studied  by  KLUGE  and  SKEAT  ;  both 
authors  consider  Greek  fta'Xda^ov  as  'die 
letzte  Quelle.'  The  article  should  read 
something  like  this  :  Assyrian  bashmu=Hebr. 
basam  '  fragrant '  (cf.  Bisam) ;  this  passed  into 
Greek-Latin  as  fia'Xtiauov,  balsamum,  whence 
Germ,  balsam,  Eng.  balsam  and  balm  ;  fia'A- 
tfajiiov  returned  to  the  Arabic  as  balsan  and 
balasan ;  Fr.  baume,  from  O.  Fr.  bausme,  bas- 
me.  Under  Balsam  KL.  should  have  referred 
to  Bisam  (Eng.  musk).  Balsam  being  located, 
Aloe  (from  Lat.  aloe,  Greek  a'/lo';/,  from  Hebr. 


\VM.    MUSS-ARNOLT 


'ahalim,  Skt.  agaru)  ought  to  be  mentioned. — 
For  Barchent  cf.  Fr.  bouracan,  Sp.  barrakan. 
— Barett  is  derived  from  Lat.  'birrus.,  But 
why  not  add  that  birrus  stands  for  burrus, 
borrowed  from  the  Greek  Tcvppu^  (ein  mit 
Kapuze  versehener  Mantel-kragen)? — Barke'\?> 
from  the  Greek  /jcv/j/f,  an  Egyptian  boat 
(Herodot.  ii,  41) ;  /fti/j/?  is  the  Egyptian  bari-t, 
a  Nile-boat,  already  found  on  the  monuments 
of  the  xviii.  dynasty :  see  the  interesting  dis- 
cussion between  O.  WEISE  and  A.  ERMAN  in 
BEZZ.  Beitr.  vii ;  also  American  Journal  of 
Phil,  x,  247. 

KLUGE  is  very  arbitrary  and  unsystematic  in 
the  selection  of  words  borrowed  from  other 
languages  ;  we  find,  e.  g.,  Almanack,  Bazar, 
etc.,  but  not  Gazelle  (from  Arab,  gazal), 
Magazin  (from  Arab,  mjjazan,  plur.  mahazin, 
from  a  verb  hazana,  cf.  LAG.  'Abh.'  25,  23  and 
rem.)  storehouse;  Tarif  (Engl.  tariff),  from 
Arab,  ta'rif,  etc.  ;  nor  do  we  find  Derwisch, 
Firman,  Karawanne  (from  Persian  karawan, 
Engl.  caravan),  Orange  (from  the  Persian), 
and  many  others. — If  Becher  is  derived  from 


ON  KLUGE'S  DICTIONARY.  13 

Greek  ftiKoS  (Herodot.  i,  194),  it  goes  back 
ultimately  to  the  Semitic  baqbuq,  a  bottle. — 
Why  should  not  Beissker  (fish)  be  connected 
with  Lat.  piscis,  by  a  popular  analogy  to  'beis- 
sen  '  ? — Speaking  of  BeryllY^i^.  says  it  is  from 
SKT.  vaidurya,  but  he  does  not  state  that  the 
stone  has  derived  its  name  from  that  of  the 
Indian  city  Vidura,  i.  e.,  the  Vidurian  stone; 
cf.  also  LAG.  'Abh.'  22,  No.  48.  LAGARDEib.  73, 

1.  20  ff.  has  some  good  remarks  on  Bims££i&. 4f 

— blecken,  i.  e.,  to  show  the  tee"trT7 should  have 
reminded  KL.  of  Engl.  to  bleach,  and  bleak 
(cf.  SKEAT  s.vv.). — The  '  letzte  Quelle  '  for 
Bombasin,  according  to  KL.  is  Lat. -Greek 
bombyx,  flo/jfivz ;  SKEAT  adds :  probably 
Eastern.  Cf.  Armenian  bambak,  Pers.  panba, 
LAG. 'Arm.' No.  343.  Some  notes  on  Bombast  . 
are  to  be  found  in  Getting,  gelehrt  Anzeigen, 
1887,  p.  301,  rem.,  which  may  be  of  use  to 
KLUGE. 

Our  author  does  not  state  plainly  enough 
why  smoked  herring  is  called  Biicking\  'it  was 
so  called,  because  Bucking  was  the  name  of 
the  man  who  first  smoked  herring  (Flemish)' 


J?  V,  s     '] 

.  .T  .       ;  /  i-  u 

i-  ••  ^        'w-  \  *    .--    / 


f  ^ 


'.       , 
'     *'J. 


14  WM.    MUSS-ARNOLT 


PAUL  DE  LAGARDE. — It  might  have  been  in- 
structive to  mention  that  FORTUNATUS  uses 
the  form  bufalus=buffalo ;  the  Greek  {Sov'/Ja- 
Af>?  is  the  usual  designation  for  gazelle. — 
Under  Bunt  mention  should  be  made  of  Bunt- 
werk=Pelzwerk,  because  it  was  variegated. — 
For  Burg  let  KL.  consult  LAG.  'Arm.,'  p.  31, 
No.  427,  and  S.  FRANKEL  ('Aramaeische  Lehn- 
worter  im  Arabischen,'  p.  235). — Die  Butte,  a 
saltwater  fish  from  Du.  butte,  cf.  Engl.  but, 
which  is  omitted  in  SKEAT  and  in  WEBSTER  ; 
see,  however,  halibut=Germ.  Heil-btitteA 
KLUGE  says :  Origin  obscure.  Why  should 
not  but  (cf.  Stein-butte,  etc.)  be  shortened 
from  Arab,  butariq  ?  This  butariq  (cf.  Byzan- 
tine /Ji/ra'/j/x''^)  is  from  the  Coptic 
•  <V,  this  from  the  Greek  rapixivv, 
which,  again,  is  borrowed  from  the  Armenian 
tareq  (cf.  LAG.  'Arm.,'  §2205;  Gutting,  gelehrt. 
Nachrichten,  1886,  p.  131-5;  Mittheilungen  ii, 

4  The  common  etymologies  for  hali-but,  Heilbutte,  offered 
by  SKEAT,  KLUGE  and  many  others  are  very  unsatisfactory. 
Why  could  not  Mali-  be  connected  with  Greek  <iA-c  ?  For 
Botargo  see  also  the  '  Oxford  English  Dictionary,  I.;  ion. 


ON    KLUGE  S   DICTIONARY.  15 


ii  ff.) ;  thus  butariq  would  have  been  shorten- 
ed by  the  Dutch  sailors  and  fishermen  to  butte 
=Engl.  but,  Germ.  Butte,  just  as  many  other 
foreign  words  have  been  shortened.  The 
Arabic  butariq,  LAGARDE,  1.  c.,  says,  was 
received  by  the  Italians  as  bottarga,  bottari- 
ca,  and  by  the  inhabitants  of  Provence  as 
botargue,  at  a  time  when  Alexandria  was  the 
chief  centre  of  the  commerce  between  Orient 
and  Occident. — Why  not  think  of  Late  Latin 
butina— Greek  TTITI'I-I/,  jug,  bottle,  to  explain 
Riitte,  O.H.G.  but.in.na? — Butter  goes  back  to 
Greek  /Joi'rvpov,  a  compound  of  finv-\-Tvp(>c., 
cheese;  TV/JH'~  (HOMER)  is  not  an  Indo-Ger- 
manic  word,  but  borrowed  from  the  Turko- 
tartaric  turak,  Magyar  tur6  'cheese'  (gesalzene 
Milchspeise) :  cf.  YAMHERY,  'Die  primitive 
kultur  der  Turkotartaren,'  p.  94.  The  idea 
that  the  word  was  a  Scythian  noun  originated 
with  PLINY,  Hist,  nat.,  xxviii,  9. — Beleinincrn 
betrugen,  a  Dutch  word,  so  KLUGE  states  in 
the  fourth  edition,  but  that  is  not  an  etymolo- 
gy. Belemuicrn  appears  to  be  a  corruption 
of.  a  Modern-Jewish  word.  Mr.  K.  Casanowitz, 


l6  WM.    MUSS-ARN'OLT 


of  the  Semitic  Seminary  (Johns  Hopkins  Uni- 
versity), tells  me  that  the  Jews  in  Poland  call 
a  swindler,  a  cheat  '  Lowen  hoarami  '=Lab- 
han-ha-araml,  i.  e.,  Lahan  the  Aramean 
(Genesis,  xxix) ;  this,  with  the  help  of  popular 
analogy,  may  easily  have  been  corrupted  into 
be/emmern.s — Again,  f>erappcn=\)&7.a\\\&n,  to 
pay  (a  N.H.G.  word),  means,  according  to  our 
dictionary,  to  give  Rappen,  Rappen  geben  ;  cf. 
s.  v.  Rappen,  where  we  are  told  that  such  is 
the  name  of  a  coin,  stamped  in  Freiburg  and 
showing  the  picture  of  a  raven,  a  Rappen,  but 
if  so,  why  not  also  be-hellern  (from  Heller), 
be-batzen  (from  Bat/en),  be-kreuzern  (from 
Kreuzer),  etc.?  Berappen  is  a  N.H.G.  word 
and  belongs  to  the  list  of  words  borrowed 
from  Modern  Hebrew.  The  Hebrew  Pae'l  : 
rabbi  (cf.  Assyrian  rabu)  means,  to  pay  in- 
terest, to  enlarge  a  borrowed  capital,  then 
also  to  pay  ;  hence,  by  a  popular  analogy  with 
other  verbs,  arose  bc-rabbcn,  and  then  bcrap- 

5  Dr.  B.  SZOLD,  however,  thinks  that  be-lemmern  is  a 
compound  of  be  and  Hebr.  letnor  (to  speak)  in  the  meaning 
of  '  in  '  Jemanden  hineinreden  ' ;  to  try  to  swindle  a  man  by 
talking  to  him  and  making  him  confused. 


ON  ICLUGE'S  DICTIONARY.  17 


pen  ;  this  latter  may  have  been  assimilated  to 
Rappen.— Beschummeln=^xt\.r\\^\\,  cf.  schum- 
meln='plagen'  (KLUGE)  ;  but  neither  is  schum- 
ineln  mentioned  under  'Sch,'  nor  is  there  a 
reference  found  s.  v.  plagcn.  It  is  true,  be- 
schu-inineln  is  a  compound  of  be+schummeln 
(cf.  be-leininern,  be-rappen,  etc.) ;  schummeln 
is  connected  with  and  derived  from  'schmul' 
in  schmul  machen,  a  word  not  yet  explained 
in  any  dictionary.  It  is  well  known  that  the 
two  names  generally  given  by  the  people  to 
Jewish  tradesmen  were  Schmul  (i.  e.  Samuel) 
and  Itzig6 ;  it  is  also  known,  that  'to  trade'  and 
'to  cheat,  to  overreach,' were  for  many  persons 
synonymous  terms  when  applied  to  such 
tradesmen ;  from  this  proper  name  Schmul 
arose  the  verb  schmulen,  schmul  machen,  and 
by  metathesis  schummeln,  whence  be-schum- 
meln.7 — Rocher,  a  young  Jewish  student,  from 
Hebr.  bachur,  youtlr(Ki.rGK) ;  yet  not  direct- 

6 1    have    frequently    heard    people   say  :  I)a  kommt    der 
Schmul,  der  Itzig. 

7  Professor    LAGAKDE    adds  : — meschucmed,    an    apostate 
(Mod.  Hebr.',  but  with  a  query. 


l8  WM.    MUSS-ARNOLT 

Iy  from  the  Hebrew,  but  through  the  medium 
of  Polish  bachur,  bachor,  patois  bachfir,  which 
means  (i)  a  young  Jew  ;  (2)  any  child  in  general 
(used  mostly  in  a  contemptuous  sense) ;  and 
(3)  a  young  hog. 

KLUGE  has  done  well  to  incorporate  into  his 
dictionary  some  Modern  Jewish  words,  but  he 
ought  to  have  paid  better  attention  to  pro- 
nunciation as  well  as  etymology  ;  for  example, 
on  p.  49  (4th  edit.)  we  are  told:  Dalles  (m.) 
ruin,  destruction  (Jewish),  properly  the  Jewish 
mourning-robe  worn  on  the  great  day  of  the 
atonement  (whence  originally  'den  Dalles  an- 
haben  '),  from  Hebr.  talith  ;  according  toothers 
the  word  is  formed  from  Hebr.  dallCit,  poverty. 
Our  author  confounds  here  two  entirely  dis- 
tinct words.  Modern  Jewish  talles  (from  Bibli- 
cal talith)  means  robe,  mantle  (Talmud),  now 
prayer-mantle  worn  on  the  day  of  atonement, 
while  dalles  (from  Biblical  dalluth)  means 
poverty. — SKKAT'S  and  KLUGE'S  '  letzte  Quel- 
le  '  for  Dattel,  elate,  is  Greek  onVrrA-  f  ;  but 
Greek  <5nVrr/\o?  stands  for  tf  <  i'>,--/\  ?  •  r  < .  ?  from 
the  Phoenician  diqC'lath,  palm,  palmfruit ;  cf. 


ON  KLUGE'S  DICTIONARY.  19 

LAG.  'Mitth.'  ii,  356.;  also  KZ,  v,  188  and  viii, 
398.  I  will  add  here  that  I  am  well  aware  of 
L.  FLEISCHER'S  remarks  in  LEVY'S  '  Modern 
Hebrew  Dictionary,'  i,  443,  b.  HESYCHIUS 
has  the  following  gloss  :  2<>vMA.at,  qjoivixofia- 
A.ar<>i  'SnvK^vftciXavoi,  TO  avro,  iPoiviMf?, 
to  which  MOVERS  ('  Phoenizier'  ii,  3,  p.  234-5) 
adds:  "perhaps  from  dhoq^l=soqel"  (Cf. 
Kadtt7\o?  for  KafSjuihoS  and  my  "Notes  on 
Greek  Etymologies  "  in  Johns  Hopkins  Univ. 
Circular,  No.  81,  May  1890). — To  Greek  5 0^77, 
mentioned  in  connection  with  Daube,  should 
be  added  Latin  doga  (borrowed  from  the 
Greek  as  galbanum  for  xaXfidvr;,  Fr.  galban  ; 
rf>  golaia  </f«Aus ;  pandicularis 
? 'common  toall')  whence  It.,  Port, 
doga. — Latin  adamantem,  accus.  to  adamas 
(cf.  s.  v.  Detnanf)  is  borrowed  from  the  Greek 
ctdctjia?;  reference  should  be  made  to  Engl. 
diamond,  and  on  the  other  hand  to  Prov.  adi- 
man,  O.  Fr.  almant,  Sp.  Port.  iman. — The 
etymology  of  Dill  is  not  known  to  SKEAT  nor 
KLUGE.  It  seems  to  be  a  Teutonic  word,  as 
KLUGE  remarks,  the  Greek-Latin  being  avrj- 


\VM.    MTSS-ARNOLT 


Soy=anethum,  whence  It.  aneto,  Sp.  eneldo, 
Port,  endro,  the  same  plant  as  aviGov,  ani- 
sum,  Anis.  The  M.H.G.  form  \xtille,  and  we 
know  that  Dillis  an  aromatic  plant  with  'viel- 
geteiltem  Stengel.'  Why  cannot  tille  be  con- 
nected with  the  M.H.G.  tcilen=\.o  divide,  to 
part? — Dock(\\.)  a  basin  for  vessels,  from  Engl. 
dock,  whose  origin  is  obscure  (so  KLUGE). 
I  think,  however,  that  SKEAT  is  right  in  con- 
necting the  word  with  Lat. -Greek  doga,  <5u///, 
receptacle  ;  cf.  the  Late-Latin  doccia ;  dock 
would  thus  be  related  to  Germ.  Dauge=d\tc\\ 
and  to  (Fass)-daube. — For  Docke  (Engl.  doll) 
compare  perhaps  Fr.  toque,  which  according 
to  M.  DOZY,  '  Noms  des  vetements  chez  les 
Arabes,'  p.  289  ff,  is  of  Arabic  origin. — In  the 
fourth  edition  we  find  'Dokes;  Douches  (m.)= 
Podex,  a  Jewish  word,  of  doubtful  etymology, 
hardly  to  be  connected  with  Hebrew  tahath 
(below)';  but,  the  Jewish  word  is  T6ch£s ! 
which  certainly  is  the  same  as  the  Biblical 
tahath  ;  a  little  further  on  we  are  informed 
that  Donfe^,  (m.),  prison  is  from  Hebr.  tafas 
(to  take  prisoner) ;  but  the  word  is  either  Tufes 


ON  KLUGE'S  DICTIONARY. 


(Wallinian)  or  Tofes  (Lithuanian),  by  no  means 
Doufes. — For  Dolmetzsch,  let  KL.  consult 
'Actes  du  vie  congres  international  des  orien- 
talistes,  tenu  en  1883  a  Leide,'  vol.  ii,  pt.  i, 
427,  and  VAMBERV,  '  Cultur  des  turkotartari- 
schen  Volkes,'  p.  127,  where  we  find  the  fol- 
lowing :  For  Dolmetzsch  we  have  the  genuine 
tilmez'i  (which  passed  from  the  Turkish  to  the 
Russian  and  thence  to  the  German)  from  til= 
tongue,  language ;  the  original  form  is  til- 
mekz/i,  orator,  speaker,  a  word  which  has 
been  erroneously  derived  from  Russian  tolk, 
tolkovat,  to  explain  (whence  English  to  talk) ; 
also  LAG.  'Arm.,'  §847;  'Mitth.'  ii,  i-j-j.—Dril- 
len,  to  train  soldiers,  is  also  found  in  English 
=to  drill ;  both  are  derived  from  the  Du. 
drillen,  which  is,  of  course,  the  same  as  Eng. 
to  thrill ;  also  compare  Fr.  drille  (soldier) 
and  O.  H.  G.  trikil  (servant). — For  Durst 
compare  Old-Latin  torus  for  torrus<torsws 
(Greek  r£p6-F65ai)=Goth.  thaursus  Skt. 
trshu,  eager,  panting. 

The  words  Elfenbein,   Elephant  and  Esel 
will  be  be  treated  in  a  special  paper  on  Greek 


\VM.    MUSS-ARNOLT 


words  borrowed  from  foreign,  especially  Se- 
mitic, languages. — Elstcr,  O.H.G.  agalstra, 
seems  to  be  a  compound  of  £-|-gal-|-stra  from  a 
root  galan,  to  sing,  to  yell,  contained  in 
Nachti-gall  and  gellen,  with  the  prefix  syllable 
a=un-,  thus  denoting  the  bird  which  does  not 
sing  sweetly  (die  hasslich  singende,  krachzen- 
de). — Ebenbaum.  KI.UGE'S  '  letzte  Ouelle  '  is 
Greek  •••  fin'"-',  but  this  again,  is,  borrowed 
from  the  Semitic  habenim,  ebony-wood. — The 
N.H.G.  lischc  (Engl.  ash)  is  properly  the 
plural  of  M.H.G.  asch. — Instead  of  Asche 
(fish)  read  Aeschc  (cf.  dotting.  Gelehrt. 
Nadir.,  1886,  i35=Alant.). — Lat.  acetum 
(whence  German  Essig)  is  borrowed  from  the 
Greek  ahoirov;  cf.  mel  acoetum.— One  of  the 
worst  paragraphs  in  KLUGE,  as  well  as  in 
SKEAT,  is  that  vnEndivie.  SK.  says:  endive, 
a  plant  (Fr.,  Lat.)  Fr.  endive;  Lat.  intubus. 
KL.  puts  it :  Endivie  (F.)  erst  fru'h  nhd  ; 
nach  dem  gleichbedeutenden  mittellatein-ro- 
man.  endivia  (lat.  intibus).  1  do  not  call  this 
a  standard  etymology.  Our  authors  might  at 
least  have  mentioned  the  suggestions  of  F.  O. 


ON  KLUGE'S  DICTIONARY.  23 


WEISE,  'Die  griechischen  \V6rter  im  Latein,' 
Leipzig,  1882,  p.  35,  and  the  same  in  BEZZ., 
Beitr.,  v,  84,  or  POTT'S  explanation  of  the 
same  word  in  BEZZ.,  Beitr.,  vi,  328,  although 
they  are  wrong.  The  true  etymology  is  given 
by  LAGARDE  in  his  '  Semitica  '  i,  61-62  (see 
Gotting.  Gelehrt.  Abhandlungen,  vol.  23)  enti- 
tled, "  Erklarung  chaldaischer  Worter."  LA- 
GARDE  speaks  of  the  Aramean  hindab  and 
says  : 

'  Auch  die  Araber  kennen  hindab  ;  es  ist 
dieses  Wort  eine  echt  semitische  Weiterbil- 
dung  von  hudb=die  Augemvimper  (the  eye- 
lash) ;  so  Avicenna  ;  Man  braucht  sich  nurden 
bekannten  Endivien-salat  vorzustellen,  um  zu 
begreifen,wiepassend  fiir  die  Endivieder  Name 
'  mit  vielen  Wimpern  begabt  '  ist;  vergl.  Ver- 
gil, georg,  <r,  120  amaris  intiba  fibris.  Die 
Rdmer  (griechisch  sagte  man  6s  'pi~)  werden 
den  Namen  mit  der  Sache  von  den  Puniern 
erhalten  haben  ;  fyTv/imi'  (Ducange,  930)  ist 
spat,  und  erst  aus  Italien  eingefiihrt.  Fiir  die 
Richtigkeit  meiner  Ableitung  spricht  der  Um- 
stand,  dass  nach  Dioscorides,  /j  160,  ' 


Ich    habe    mir  namlicli  die    Frage   vorgelegt, 
wie  die  Heilkrafte  der  Pflanzen  gefundenwor- 


24  WM.    MUSS-ARNOLT 

den  sind,  and  eine  meiner  Antworten  lautet : 
nach  Nameiuihnlichkeiten.  Wenn  diese  Ent- 
deckung  vorsichtig  und  kundig  verwertet  wird, 
diirfte  sie  fiir  die  Erkenntniss  der  altesten  Ge- 
schichte  die  wichtigsten  Folgen  haben.  Man 
walte  hindab  gegen  die  Krankheit  der  ahdab 
(der  Augenwimpenn,  plur.  zu  hudb) :  folglich 
ist  diese  Benutzung  der  Endivie  Eigentum  der 
Semiten,  und  der  Name  der  Endivie  selbst 
ebenfalles  semitisch.'8 

German  Farre,  fern,  f  arse  und  Greek  nuptf, 
Tr'vjr/?  are  \rery  much  like  the  Hebrew  par, 
fern,  parah  ;  the  words  have  no  Indo-German- 
ic  etymon. 9 — Let  KLUGE  consult  LAGARDE'S 
essay  on  Purim  (Gutting.  Gelehrt.  Abhand- 
lungen,  vol.  34,  p.  17,  rem.  i)  for  Fassnacht 
and  Fastnacht. — Fenster,  we  are  told,  is  from 
the  Latin  fenestra  ;  but  this  Latin  word  is  not 
a  genuine  one ;  it  is  borrowed  from  a  Greek 
word  *(pavrf-6rpa,  R.cpav  as  in  ffHiiv<>/.iai,q)ar- 
(>-,  like  orchestra,  palaestra,  etc.  (cf.  O.  WEISE, 

8  See  also  J.  LCEW,  'Aramaeisehe   Pflanzennamen,'  p.  27  f.  . 
255,  No.  195,3. 

9  See    Beitriige  zur  assyrischen   und  vergleichendtn  Se- 
mitischen  Sprachiuissenschaft,  herausgegeben   von    F.   DE- 
I.IT/SCH  and  PAUL  HAUPT.     1.  p.  114,  rem. 


ON  KLUGE'S  DICTIONARY.  25 


'  Lehnworter,'  pp.  48,  71  ff.,  197).  Our  author 
adds :  Zu  Grunde  liegt  mit  '  auffalligem  ' 
Genuswechsel  Lat.  fenestra  ;  he  ought  to  have 
said  that  Fenster  became  neuter  after  the 
analogy  of  das  Loch\  the  same  is  the  case 
with  das  Krcnz  (Lat.  crux,  fern.),  after  das 
Holz  ;  das  Peek  (Lat.  pix,  fern.)  after  das  Harz ; 
das  Rappier  (Fr.  rapiere)  after  das  Schwert, 
etc. — The  Portug.  and  Fr.  words  for  Fetisch 
are  given  by  KLUGE,  but  no  etymology  is 
offered.  SKEAT,  like  many  others,  traces  the 
word  back  to  Lat.  factitius ;  I  do  not  believe 
this  to  be  the  true  derivation  of  the  noun.  We 
know  that  the  Phoenician  ships  were  placed 
under  the  protection  of  the  Cabeiri  (Greek 
nafiF.ipoi,  from  the  Semitic  kabir ;  Mem.  de  la 
societe  lingidstiqiie  de  Paris  iv,  89  ff.),  and 
that  they  had  images  of  them  at  their  stem  ci- 
stern, or  both.  These  images  were  small  and 
inconspicuous,  being  little  dwarf  figures  re- 
garded as  amulets  that  would  preserve  the 
vessel  in  safety.  The  Phoenicians  called 
them  pittuhim,  sculptures  (from  a  verb  patah, 
to  sculpture,  to  carve),  whence  the  Greek 


26  WM.    MUSS-ARNOLT 


Moi  (Herodot.,  iii,  37)  and  the  Fr.  fe'tiche. 
Some  scholars  derive  the  word  from  the  Egyp- 
tian name  Phthah  or  Ptah,  the  god  of  creation 
(cf.  KENRICK,  'Phoenicia,'  p.  235).  A  popular 
analogy  of  the  word  to  Latin  factitius  is  very 
probable. — Fibel  means  properly  the  clasps, 
fastenings  (Lat.  fibula)  found  on  every  book  in 
the  middle  ages ;  then,  also,  the  book  itself. 
The  form  'Fibel'  is  based,  of  course,  on  that  of 
Bibel. — I  miss  the  word  Fiber,  Engl.  fibre 
from  Lat.  fibra. — Flinte,  cf.  Engl.  flint,  may 
perhaps  be  connected  with  Greek  TtXiv^o?,  a 
brick  (so  KLUGE,  following  KZ,  22,  p.  no,  No. 
3) ;  I  do  not  believe  that  there  is  any  connec- 
tion between  the  two  words  and  prefer  to 
follow  GEORG  HOFFMANN  (ZDMG)  xxxii, 
748  and  STADE'S  Zeitschrift  fiir  alttestament- 
liche  Wissenschaft  ii,  p.  72,  §19)  HOFFMANN 
explains  Tr/l/VS-o?  as  a  metathesis  for  ATT/V^  — 
*A#/»'r=iSemitic  l£benath  (Assyrian  libittu) 
brick  ;  cf.  Greek  itaAd^t/  from  -Semitic  dfibe- 
lath  ;  8dKrv'\ot,  date  for  ddn^vro-. — On  p.  90 
of  the  fourth  edition  we  find  the  following 
remark,  s.v.  FIcte:  In  der  Redensart  rloten 


ON  KLUGE'S  DICTIONARY.  27 

gehen,  steckt  ein  niederdeutsches  fleuten= 
fliessen  ;  sie  bedeutet  urspriinglich  (18.  Jahrh.) 
durchgehen,  weglaufen.  But  I  do  not  see  any 
connection  between  fliessen  and  durchgehen, 
except  that  both  imply  a  motion.  Fldten 
(prop.  Fleuteri)  gehen  is  a  corruption  of  the 
Jewish-Polish  pleite  gehen ;  pleite  stands  for 
pelete,  for  the  Polish  Jews  pronounce  e  like  ei ; 
pSlete  is  derived  from  the  Hebrew  palat,  to 
escape,  to  live.  Words  like  Pleite  are,  for 
example,  Peiess,  Geseire,  etc. — Flotz  might 
have  a  reference  to  Engl.  flat. — 'Letzte  Quelle' 
von  Fratze  konnte  in  Ital.  frasche,  Fr.  frasques, 
Possen,  Schabernack,'  vorliegen  (KLUGE).  I 
believe  that  the  word  belongs  to  the  same  class 
as  beschummeln,  etc.  In  Modern  Hebrew  we 
have  ph£racoph  from  the  Greek  TtpddajTtov, 
face, feature  ;  whence,  by  the  dropping  of -oph, 
arose  Fratze. — The  German  Fries  also  de- 
notes a  part  of  the  entablature  of  a  column ; 
this  should  have  been  mentioned  in  our  diction- 
ary. 

So  many  citizen-words  of  foreign  extraction 
being  treated  by  KLUGE,  I  should  have  ex- 


28  \YM.    MUSS-ARNOLT 

pected  to  find  Galosche  from  Fr.  galoche,  Lat. 
gallica,  i.  e.,  gallischer  Schuh  (cf.  Engl.  ga- 
loche;  SKEAT'S  etymology  from  Greek  vaXo- 
7TiJ6/ov,  a  shoe-maker's  last  is  very  doubtful), 
and  Gamasche  (also  Kamasche)  from  O.  Fr. 
gamache,  Late-Latin  gambacea ;  cf.  It.  gam- 
ba,  leg  and  Engl.  gambado,  a  kind  of  leg- 
gings.—  Gar  dine,  from  Late-Latin  cortina, 
whence  Engl.  curtain,  through  Fr.  courtine. — 
With  Gekrose  compare  the  Modern  Hebrew 
keresa,  belly,  stomach,  also  intestines  (in  As- 
syrian kurussu). — Add  Geste  (M.H.G.  gcste] 
from  gestum,  narrative  and  behavior;  cf. 
Engl.  gesture. — Gimpel  might  refer  us  to 
Engl.  to  jump  and  jumble  (see  SKEAT,  s.vv.) — 
Gips,  yv'ipo?,  gypsum  is  from  the  Semitic  jibs, 
plaster,  mortar ;  the  best  gypsum  was  import- 
ed from  Syria,  and  this  fact,  besides  others, 
points  to  an  Eastern  home  ;  cf.  ZDMG,  xxv, 
542-3;  Sp.  yeso,  Sicil.  jissu. — According  to 
LAGARDE  ('Agathangelus,'  p.  159,  rein,  i,  con- 
tained in  Gutting.  Gelehrt.  Abhandf.,  vol.  35), 
'  Gott '  seems  to  be  a  form  borrowed  from  the 
Persian 


ON  KLUGE'S  DICTIONARY.  29 


Avesta  xfiddta.  LAG.  states  that  many  years 
ago  EUGENE  BURNOUF,  the  great  French 
scholar,  made  this  suggestion.  In  the  same 
note  LAGARDE  says  that  the  termination  -gund 
in  Proper  names,  as  Kuni-gunde,  Hilt-gunt 
(Germanic)  ;  Gundi-salvus  =  Gundi-salviz  = 
Gonzalo=Gonzalez  (Spanish)  ;  preserved  also 
in  gonfalone  of  the  Italians,  is  Eranian  -gund, 
borrowed  like  the  Persian  choda,  and  mean- 
ing a  troop,  a  band  (Germ.  Schaar)  ;  also  see 
LAG.  'Abh.,'  24,  no.  56;  'Die  beiden  Vocabeln 
choda  and  -gund  wiirden  durch  ihre  Gestalt 
erweisen,  dass  die  Germanen  ziemlich  spat 
aufgehort  haben,  Nachbarn  der  Erdnier  zu 
sein,  oder  aber  dass  die  Eranier  schon  ziem- 
lich friih  neu-persisch  geredet  haben.'  —  Speak- 
ing of  Greif,  KLUGE  says,  "jedenfalls  ist 
griech.  ypvtp  (Stam  ypvTt!)  als  Quellenwort 
fiir  Greif  anzusehen"  ;  but  ypvip  is  not  an  Indo- 
Germanic  word  ;  it  is  borrowed  from  the 
Semitic  ;  ypvib  which  stands  for  %pvfi-s=Sem. 
kerub  ;  (for  other  instances  of  such  a  metathesis 
see  ].H.\J.  Circular,  No.  81,  May,  1890,  p.  75  ff. 
A  note  on  Hahnrei  is  found  in  Americ. 


30  WM.    MUSS-ARNOLT 


Journ.  of  Philol.  vi,  257-8. — Hain  for  Hagen, 
as  Maid  for  Maged,  as  Eidechse  forO.H.G. 
egid'ehsa,  ^'=Anglo-Saxon  dg,  ver-teidigen 
for  tage-dingen,  etc.  ;  but  we  also  have  Hein 
in  Freund  Hein  (=death)  although  it  is  from 
the  same  M.H.G.  hagen=\\\or\\,  sting.  Could 
not  '  Freund  Hein  '  have  originated  from  "I. 
Corinth.,"  xv,  55-56? — Haiduck  has  become 
a  German  citizen-word,  yet  KL.  omits  it.  It 
is  the  Polish  hajduk,  a  valet,  trabant  (cf. 
Hungarian  hajdu);  in  German  it  is  also  spelt 
Heiduck,  assimilating  it  to  Heide  (heathen). 
— Hals  in  Geizhals,  Wagehals,  Schreihals  is 
to  be  compared  with  Old  Norse  hals=man. — 
Hanfand  HCLVvafjis  is  treated  in  LAG.  'Arm.,' 
§1099,  p.  73;  KZ,  xii,  378  rem.  i  and  xiv,  430; 
O.WEISE,  'Lehnworter,'  125  rem.  6;  O.  SCHRA- 
DER,  'Urgeschichte  and  Sprachvergleichung'  i, 
p.  363  and  idem  in  'Waarenkunde,'  p.  187. — 
Under  Hellebarte  KL.  does  not  account  for 
Sp.  alabarde,  Arabic  el-harbet. — Latin  camisia 
(s.v.  f/emd),  Fr.-Engl.  chemise,  It.  camicia,  is 
from  the  Arabic  qamicim  or  qamucun,  a  shirt, 
a  shift,  cf.  LANE,  'Arabic-Engl.  Dictionary,' 


ON  KLUGE'S  DICTIONARY. 


p.  2564,  col.  2,  and  see£a»iiso/. — Hinde  should 
have  been  connected  with  Lat,  hin(n)us,  hin- 
(n)ulus,  a  hind  :  cf.  O.  WEISE,  '  Lehmvorter,' 
p.  22-3 ;  Hindin  should  never  have  been 
mentioned  by  a  Teutonic  scholar  of  KLUGE'S 
standing.  Do  we  say  in  German  Ktihin,  Sta- 
tin, Rickin,  Hennin,  Frauin  and  Tochterin  ? 
See  Gotting.  Gelehrt.  Anz.,  1885,  p.  39. — In 
the  fourth  edition  Hirse  is  compared  with 
Lat.  cirrus,  a  bundle ;  with  the  additional 
remark:  'Ursprung  dunkel.'  It  is  a  fact  that 
the  millet  has  been  known  from  antiquity,  that 
it  was  and  still  is  cultivated  in  the  East,  in 
southern  and  in  central  Europe.  This  points 
to  an  Eastern  origin.  Armenian  herisa=Heb- 
rew  'arisa  (see  below, s.v.  Kastanie).  This  word 
came  to  Armenia  at  the  time  when  the  Israel- 
ites were  taken  captives  to  Media  by  the  Baby- 
lonians ,  from  this  Armenian  word  lierisa  was 
borrowed  the  name  for  Hirse,  or  rather  Hir- 
se n-mus. — Heirauch  (from  M.H.G.  heien  —  \.o 
burn,  Greek  xaifir  ;  cf.  heiss=\\ot  ;)  usually 
changed  into  Heer-ranch  or  Hdhen-rauch,  on 
the  basis  of  popular  etymology. — Horde  (i)  a 


32  \VM.    MVSS-ARNOLT 


wandering  troop  or  tribe;  VAMBERV,  1.  c.,  127 
below  says :  Unter  Lager=urdu,  ist  im  all- 
gemeinen  das  Stillstehen,  das  Innehalten  auf 
dem  Marsche  ausgedriickt ;  Urdu  heisst  wort- 
lich  das  aufgeschlagene,  von  urmak  schlagen, 
einschlagen.  Horde  being  given,  we  might 
expect  a  line  or  two  for  Kosak,}Lng\.  Cossack, 
Polish  kosak,  Tartar-Djagatai  kazak,  a  light- 
armed  soldier,  a  volunteer. — For  Hunipcn  see 
LAG.,  'Abh.,'  54  No.  151.  There  is  a  German 
word  kumpe—hovfl,  not  mentioned  at  all  by 
KL.  It  is— Lat.  cumba=Greek  KV  <&»,  TTOTII- 
pw>',  Tlocpioiz ;  also  HESYCHIUS  Mvjufi(r=Tfo- 
rtjpwv  ;  this,  again,  seems  to  be  borrowed  from 
the  Semitic  qubbah,  a  goblet,  a  cup. — 'Die 
letzte  Quelle '  of  Husar,  Engl.  hussar,  for 
SKEAT  and  KLUGE  is  Hungarian  huszar,  which 
is  usually  derived  from  husz,  twenty  (see  the 
interesting  'story'  in  SKEAT,  s.  v.).  Hunga- 
rian huszar  and  Serv.  hur6sar6=husar=latro 
(robber),  are  from  the  Latin  cursarius,  whence 
also  Korsar,  Engl.  Corsair,  From  the  Mag- 
yaric  the  word  passed  over  into  the  other 
European  languages  ;  on  the  other  hand,  the 
German  Ilauptman  was  borrowed  by  the  Cos- 


ON  KLUGE'S  DICTIONARY.  33 

sacks  as  Hetman,  the  title  of  their  officers. 
See  MIKLOSISCH  in  Sitzungsberichte  der  kai- 
serlichen  Academic  zu  Wien  (philolog.  histori- 
sche  Klasse),  vol.  118  (1889),  No.  v,  p.  8. — Since 
Husar  is  given,  why  not  Ulan  (written  also 
Huldn  after  Husar),  from  Polish  U/an=che- 
vaux-le"ger,  from  Tartar  ouhlan,  a  boy,  a  page, 
a  prince  belonging  to  be  family  of  the  Khans. 

I  miss  Ibis  from  Lat.  ibis,  Greek  ifii?  and 
this  from  Egypt,  hib. — Under  Ingwer  mention 
should  be  made  of  Lat.  zingiberi  and  Span, 
gengibre,  whence  the  Fr.  gingembre ;  zend- 
jebil  is  Persian,  not  Arabic. — The  v66oano^^= 
Isop  is  from  the  Semitic  ezob  ;  cf.,  e.g.,  LAG., 
'Arm.,'  §794. 

KLUGE  does  not  give  the  '  letzte  Quelle  '  of 
the  word  Joppe,  Fr.  jupe,  etc.,  which  is  Arabic 
al-djubba(tun) ;  the  Italian  giubba  entered 
Germany  as  'Schaube,'  which  latter  emigrat- 
ed to  Poland  as  Szuba.  Another  Polish  form 
is  Zupica  (cf.  the  name  Zupitza !)  a  kind  of 
£upan,  a  long  vest,  from  Italian  giubbone,  Fr. 
jupon ;  from  the  German  we  have  also  the 


34  WM.   MUSS-ARNOLT 

Polish  forms  jubka  or  jupka,  which  returned 
to  Germany  and  are  now  used  in  some  parts 
of  North  Germany. 

Kaftan  might  have  been  treated  ;  the  Ger- 
man is  from  the  Polish  kaftan,  this  from  the 
Turkish  qaftan,  a  dress,  cf.  DOZY,  1.  c.,  pp. 
107-117. — With  reference  to  Lat. -Greek  cacare 
=caccare=KaKav=Kai(Hdv  (s.  v.  Kacken)  see 
O.  WEISE,  '  Lehnworter,'  pp.  26  and  76;  for 
M.H.G.  qu&t,  bad,  evil,  reference  should  have 
been  made  to  '  Otto  den  Quaden.'  In  Lithu- 
anian we  have  sziku  and  in  Old-Irish  cacc. — 
Kaffer,  we  are  told,  means  '  ungebildeter 
Mensch,'  properly  a  student-expression  from 
the  Arabic  Kafir  '  infidel ' ;  but  WEIGAND 
('  Worterbuch,'  i,  832)  has  it  better:  Kaffer= 
Talmudicrabbin.  Kaphri,  a  villager,  a  peasant, 
from  the  Hebr.  kaphar,  a  village. — The  noun 
Kaliber,  Engl.  caliber,  is  omitted  ;  from  the 
Greek  KaXvTt6&i'>v=KaXo7t6$ioi' <na\dTrov:;, 
a  shoemaker's  last  (i.  e.  a  wooden  foot) ;  so 
POTT  and  others,  while  some  derive  it  from  the 
Arabic  qalab,  a  model  (SKEAT,  s.  v.) — The  Lat, 


ON    KLUGE  S   DICTIONARY.  35 

calx(s.v.Aa//fc)  is  derived  from  the  Greek  ja'A/l; 
see  WEISE,  '  Lehnworter,'  pp.  19,  50,  157  rem. 
and  195.  PICK  compares  Church-Slav,  skala, 
stone,  and  Gothic  skaija,  a  tile,  a  brick.  SKEAT, 
s.  v.,  is  very  unsatisfactory. — For  Kalmank  let 
KLUGE  consult  Du  CANGE,  '  Glossarium,'  ii, 
44;  we  have  the  Greek  xajusA.avKioi',  a  kind  of 
cap  made  of  camel's  hair. — Greek  tca'tit/Aol 
(camel)  occurs  for  the  first  time  in  AESCH, 
'  Suppl.,'  285.  According  to  LAGARDE  Nomi- 
nal-formation in  the  Semitic  languages  (Cot- 
ting,  gelehrt.  Abh.,  vol.xxxv,  pp.  20  and  49)  the 
Semitic  gdmal,  camelus  bactrianus,  is  derived 
from  a  verb  gamala,  he  compensated,  he  took 
revenge ;  attention  is  called  to  the  fact  that 
the  Greek  authors  called  this  animal  ^vr/- 
6iH.a.H(,c>  and  it  is  stated  that  "die  wesent- 
liche  Eigenschaft  des  Kamels  Rachsucht  ist." 
For  Gothic  ulbandus=A'a7«<?/,  LAGARDE  (ibid., 
221)  says:  "die  Gothische  Form  is  anerkannter- 
massen=iA£<^<r*T-,  bedeutet  aber  nicht  den 
Elephanten,  sondern  das  Katnel  und  zwar  nicht 
bloss  bei  den  Gothen,  sondern  auch  bei  den 


36  WM.    MUSS-ARNOLT 


Niedersachsen,  so  gewiss  die  Herrn  von 
Krocher  als  Besitzer  von  Olvenstedt  ein  Kamel 
im  Schildefiihren."  There  may  have  been  in 
the  mind  of  our  Teutonic  ^forefathers  some 
confusion  in  terms. — The  German  Kamin  is 
from  the  It.  caminata,  this  from  Lat.  caminus, 
which,  again,  is  derived  from  Greek  ndf.nvo'i 
(R.  Kaif.iv,  to  burn). — If  the  authors  of  our  two 
dictionaries  would  consult  LAG.  'Arm.,'  §1089, 
they  would  find  that  Greek  xa/.u\'pa,  whence 
Kammer,  chamber,  is  an  Eranian  loan-word,  a 
"fact  of  great  importance  for  the  history  of 
architecture." — Under  Kampfer  it  would  be 
better  to  omit  the  last  words  "  oder  von  dem 
Hebr.  kopher,  Pech,  Harz  "  ;  SKEAT'S  treat- 
ment is  more  satisfactory. — All  the  modern 
words,  as  Engl.  cane,  cannon,  canon,  canal. 
Germ.  Kane  I,  etc.,  go  back  through  Lat.- 
Greek-Phoenician  to  the  non-Semitic  (Akkadi- 
an) gi,  gin 'reed.'  From  this  Akkadian  word 
was  borrowed  the  Assyrian  qanu,  Hebr.-Phon. 
qaneh,  Greek  KrtV7'<r=Latin  canna,  etc. — 
Why  has  KL.  omitted  Kapital  or  Kapital, 


ON  KLUGE'S  DICTIONARY.  37 


from  Lat.  capitellum  ;  cf.  It.  capitello,  Engl. 
capital,  the  head  of  a  column,  pilaster;  and 
Kapital,  plur.  Kapitalien  from  Late-Latin 
capitale=money  ? — Very  deficient  are  the 
articles  Kapores  and  Koffer  (SKEAT,  s.  v.  cof- 
fer, is  not  more  satisfactory).  Kappores  is  a 
special  term  in  Hebrew,  denoting  the  ritual 
performance  among  the  Jews  on  the  day  pre- 
ceding that  of  the  great  atonement ;  this  rite 
consists  in  killing  a  cock  or  a  chicken,  pro- 
nouncing at  the  same  time  a  prayer  that  the 
fowl  may  suffer  for  man  as  an  expiatory  victim, 
a  kapparah,  what  otherwise  he  would  have  to 
suffer  for  the  sins  committed  during  the  past 
year ;  whence  arose  the  phrase  '  kappores 
gehen  '=to  be  destroyed,  to  be  killed  ;  instead 
of  the  fowl,  money  was  sometimes  offered. 
In  the  Pentateuch  the  kaphoreth  was  the  ark 
of  the  covenant,  and  upon  its  lid  the  expiatory 
blood  was  sprinkled  by  the  high-priest  on  the 
great  day  of  the  atonement.  From  the  same 
word,  meaning  a  chest,  an  ark,  is  derived  the 
French  coffre,  whence  Germ.  Koffer  and 


121486 


38  WM.    MUSS-ARNOLT 


Engl.  coffer;  the  noun  kaphoreth  is  derived 
from  the  verb  kaphar,  he  covered,  (see  also 
LAGARDE,  'Nominal  formation,'  1.  c.,  p.  237 
and  231.)— On  Karat  let  KLUGE  read  LAG., 
'Abh.,'  32,  1.  31;  SKEAT,  s.  v.  carat:  Zeit- 
schrift  fur  Volkerpsychologie  xiii,  240;  S. 
FRAENKEL,  'Aramaische  Lehnworter  im  Ara- 
bischen,'  pp.  200-1. — I  miss  the  word  Karniez— 
Engl.  cornice=Fr.  corniche,  It.  cornice,  Lat. 
coronis,  Greek  Hopooviz  a  wreath. — KL.  has 
Kardatsche,  but  why  not  Kartatcshel  from  It. 
cartoccio,  Fr.  cartouche  (cf.  Engl.  cartouche, 
cartridge),  from  It.  carta=Lat.  charta,  paper, 
from  Greek  ^apr?/? ;  from  the  same  has  been 
borrowed  the  German  Karte,  Eng.  card. — 
Why  have  we  not  Kassierer,  Engl.  cashier, 
Fr.  caissier,  from  the  Arabic  hazna,  treasure? 
Cf.  magazin.— The  paragraph  Kastanie'i?,  taken 
from  SKEAT,  s.  v.  chestnut ;  the  usual  deriva- 
tion of  Ha6ravia  from  the  city  Ka'6rava, 
is  but  a  popular  etymology. — LAG.  in 
an  article  on  Kastanie  {Getting.  Gelehrt. 
Nachr.,  1889,  299-307.=' Mittheilungen  '  (iii, 


ON  KLUGE'S  DICTIONARY.  39 

206-214;  see  also  LAG.  'Arm.,' §  1115)  shows 
that  Greek  midravea  is  a  word  borrowed 
from  the  Armenian  kaskeni=chestnut-tree, 
and  this  is  from  kask=chestnut;  Kask  is  an  Ar- 
menian word  —  «Adro»/=Avestan  q-'a-s  (LAG., 
'Arm.,'  §§  1114  and  1791) ;  from  this  is  derived 
the  noun  kask,  "  weil  die  Kastanie  wiein  der 
Provence  zur  chatigna  (Mehlbrei),  so  in  Ar- 
menien  zu  einenl  Muse  zerrieben,  genossen 
wurde.  Armenisches  kask  ist  nicht  bloss 
Kastanie,  sondern  auch  geschrotene,  reine 
Gerste  und  ein  Gekoch  von  Gerste  und  Wei- 
zen,  gleich  einem  Muse,  einem  Breie.'  Armen- 
ian kask  (=Persian  kask)  passed  into  Arabic 
as  kisk  (cf.  E.  W.  LANE,  '  1001  Nights,'  ii,  424) 
=^Greek  7tn(jdvv=Sem[tic  carisa  (whence 
Hirsen-mus,  Hirse ;  cf.  above).  Armenian 
Kask-eni=Greek  xcrdrarsit  (for  Ka6MO.vea,  a 
case  of  dissimilation)=chestnut-tree ;  termi- 
nation -eni=Avestan  -a^n}-a=Greek  -trrfot ; 
Latin  castanea  vesca.  The  result  of  LA- 
GARDE'S  investigation  is:  Die  castanea  (ves- 
ca) tragt  einen  eranischen  Namen  und  ist  zu 


40  WM.   MUSS-ARNOLT 

einer  Zeit,  deren  sich  die  Alten  noch  entsan- 
nen  (cf.  PLINY,  xv,  23)  iiber  Lydien  nach  Grie- 
chenland  gekommen. — Not  better  is  the  article 
Kattun.  The  word  goes  back  to  Arab,  qujn, 
qutun,  cf.  al-qutun,  M.H.G.  deralcotton,  O.Fr, 
auqueton  (see  ALW.  SCHULTZ,  '  Das  hofische 
Leben,'  etc.,2  ii,  38-40). — Greek  x-arr«-=Lat. 
catta,  l?atze=fe\is  domestica  (MART,  xiii,  69) 
came  from  Egypt.10 — With  reference  to  Ker- 
ker  KL.  should  remember  that  Sicilian-Greek 
Hapnapor  is  from  Latin  career  and  for  cicer, 
whence  Kicher-erbse,  see  LAG.,  'Arm.,'  §1996  ; 
cicer  is  from  the  Armenian  sisern  (pea). — I 
miss  A7az/zVr=piano,  from  Fr.  clavier ;  and 
and  this  from  Latin  clavis. — Klepper  is  a  N.H. 
G.  word  ;  according  to  GRIMM'S  'Worterbuch,' 
it  is  used  of  horses  as  well  as  of  human  beings  ; 
such  being  the  case,  an  etymology  from  the 
Hebrew  keleb  (dog)  suggests  itself  at  once. 

10.  I  hope  that  the  fifth  edition  will  have  a  word  on 
'Meerkatze,'  for  the  etymology  of  which  KujGEmay  refer  to 
the  London  Academy  of  1889,  Nos.  816,  918  and  919,  pp.  323, 
341,  373  and  388. 


ON  KLUGE'S  DICTIONARY.  41 


This  Hebrew  word  is  used  of  human  beings  in 
a  contemptible  sense,  and  from  it  may  have 
come  the  noun  Klepper  used  of  both  human 
beings  and  horses. — Under  Knaster,  Engl. 
canaster,  it  should  have  been  remarked  that 
tobacco  is  so  called  from  the  rush-basket 
(Sp.  canastro,  It.  canestro,  Lat.  canistrum, 
Greek  Kava-tirpov)  in  which  it  was  originally 
shipped  from  South  America.— "  Knauser 
(Engl.  miser)  masc.  erst  N.H.D.  wohl  kaum 
aus  M.H.I),  knuz  keck,  verwegen,  (gegen 
Arme)  hochfahfend."  (KLUGE).  But  Knauser, 
Low-Germ,  knuser  (verb  knusern  and  knusen) 
is  of  Jewish  origin  ;  cf.  the  Jewish  kinds,  kenus 
=the  heaping  up  (of  money),  from  the  verb 
kends,  to  heap  up,  to  gather,  to  hoard.  At 
the  time  when  the  word  was  coined,  'knauser' 
and  Jewish  usurer  were  to  the  people  synon- 
ymous terms,  the  money-changers  and  usurers 
belonging  almost  exclusively  to  that  nation — 
so  at  least  the  common  people  thought. — I 
miss  a  reference  to  dfr  Kntif,  a  hedging-bill, 
a  clasp-knife ;  Du.  Knif,  a  curved  knife;  cf. 


42  WM.   MUSS-ARNOLT 

Engl.  knife;  Fr.  canif;  in  Middle-Germany 
we  say  provincially  '  der  Kneip.' — One  of  the 
worst  mistakes  in  the  dictionary  is  the  treat- 
ment of  Kneip <e.  KLUGE  says  :  '  Erst  N.H.D., 
dunkeln  Ursprungs  '  ;  but  continues,  'verwant- 
schaftiche  Beziehung  zu  kneipen  [to  nip, 
to  pinch]  lasst  sich  nur  vermuten,  da  eine 
altere  vermittelnde  Bedeutung  fiir  Kneipe 
1  Schenke  '  [tavern]  fehlt ;  urspriinglich  war 
Kneipe  eine  gemeine  Schenke.  Steht  es  in  Be- 
ziehung zu  ndl.  (Du.)  knijp,  'Enge,  Verlegen- 
heit'  ?  eher  zu  ndl.  (Du.)  knip  'Vogelfalle,  Bor- 
dell '  ? — Another  scholar,  HERMANN  RONSCH 
{Berliner  Philol.  Wochenschrift,  27  Feb.  1886, 
cols.  259-260),  derives  it,  by  way  of  popular 
etymology,  from  the  Greek  naXvfii/,  a  hut 
(cf.  uaXvitTfAv} ;  calyba,  according  to  him, 
became  canaba,  owing  to  its  similar  sound  to 
chalybs  (%aXvil> ;  for  the  change  of  v  to  a  he 
quotes  calix  (KelcK)  from  xv/liz,  and  for  the 
change  of  /  to  n,  he  compares  Lat.  lympha 
from  Greek  vv'/ucpr/ ;  cf.  also  O.  WEISE,  'Lehn- 
worter,'  p.  62  rem.2.  Let  KLUGE  study  Psalteri- 


ON  KLUGE'S  DICTIONARY.  43 

um  memphiticum  (LAGARDE),  p.  155,  where 
we  read:  hanutha  Syris  idem  est  quod  hal- 
liska=//  led x1/  Regn.  iv,  23,  n;  Ezech.  40, 
44,  Hebraeis  et  T)  ra-fjc/ji'a  Act.  28,  15  (unde 
nos  Zabern,  Engl.  tavern  effinximus)  Graecis  ; 
vocabulum  ad  Armenios  migravit  (LAG.,  'On- 
omastica,'  I,  229;  id.,  'Arm.,'  p.  64,  No.  966)= 
kanouo=t/cy/ti:(jr//'/j/o;-(EusEB.'Histor.eccles.,' 
iv,  15,  29).  The  Syriac  noun  is  derived  from  a 
verb  hanah,  to  rest,  also=to  stay  over  night; 
hanutha  is  the  noun  with  the  article  ;  hanewa 
the  same  without  the  article ;  this  passed  over 
to  the  Arabians  as  hanuwat=hanuwa,  whence 
Italian  and  Spanish  canova ;  from  the  Syriac 
hanewa  we  have  Latin  canipa,  canapa  and  can- 
aba  (cf.  German  A'anape,  Fr.  canap6=sopha) ; 
from  canipa  we  have  the  German  Kneipe  ;  see 
also  LAG.  '  Mitth.,'  ii,  363  ff. ;  S.  FRAENKEL, 
1.  c.,  p.  172;  LEVY,  'Modern-Hebrew  Diction- 
ary,' ii,  60,  a  ;  LAGARDE,  '  Symmicta,'  p.  59.  In 
former  days  most  of  the  lower  taverns  were 
kept  in  Germany  by  Jews ;  such  is  even  now 
the  case  in  the  Eastern  part  of  the  Empire  and 
in  Poland  ;  and  this  accounts  for  the  fact  that 


44  WM.    MUSS-ARNOLT 


Kneipe  originally  denoted  a  low  tavern.  Every 
one  acquainted  with  the  history  of  German 
student-life,  knows  that,  especially  during  the 
sixteenth  and  seventeenth  centuries,  such 
taverns  were  the  chief  resorts  for  students ; 
among  these  the  word  kneifen  for  kneipen 
was  coined. — Latin  corallium  is  borrowed  from 
the  Greek  %opa'AA?or  (Dioscorides) — and  co- 
riandrum  from  Greek  uopiavrov,  ARISTOPH., 
'Equ.,'  676;  cf.  It.  coriandro,  coriandolo,  Sp. 
culantro. — With  reference  to  Kot  observe 
that  we  say  in  German  also  die  Kate ;  for 
Kreide,  that  the  Island  of  Crete  does  not 
contain  chalk. — Polish  karczma,  inn  (whence 
Kretscheni)  is  from  the  Arabic  haradj,  tribute, 
through  the  medium  of  Turkish  khardjamaq, 
to  spend,  to  consume,  khardjama  expenses, 
especially  for  food  and  drink  at  an  inn.  The 
German  Kretschmar  or  Kretzmer  is  formed 
from  Polish  karczmarz,  inn-keeper. — KLUGE 
should  have  known  that  Lat. -Greek  cuminum, 
xvjiiivor  (Kiimmel)  is  from  the  Semitic  kam- 
m6n ;  cf.,  for  example,  LAG.,  'Arm.,'  p.  122, 
§1780;  id.,  'Nominal-formation,'  p.  89. — We 


ON    KLUGE  S    DICTIONARY.  45 


might  have  expected  a  word  or  two  on  Gummi, 
Engl.  gum,  from  Lat.  gummi  orcummi,  Greek 
t.o'iini,  from  Egyptian  kami ;  or  on  Koumis, 
Polish  kumys,  a  beverage  of  milk  from  Tataric 
coumiz. — Kumpest,  KL.  says:  'aus  M.H.D. 
kumpost,  auch  kump6st,  Eingemachtes,  be- 
sonders  Sauerkraut,  aus  dem  Roman.  (Ital. 
composto).'  This  is  not  an  etymology.  There 
are  two  words  used  in  German,  Kuinpest  or 
Kumpdst  and  Komp6tt\  the  latter  is  of  Indo- 
Germanic  origin  (cf.  compotere) ;  the  former  is 
Semitic.  In  Aramean  we  have  the  verb  k£bas 
(Hebr.  kabas),  borrowed  from  the  Ninivite- 
Assyrian  kabasu  (properly  to  tread  down) ; 
this  passed  into  Arabic  as  kabasa,  with  the 
meaning  of  conserving,  putting  up  fruits  (cf. 
DOZY,  'Supplement  aux  dictionnaires  arabes,' 
ii,  439).  From  this  we  may  derive  the  Italian 
comp6sta  (cf. LEVY'S  'Modern-Hebrew  Diction- 
ary,' ii,  290  f.  ;  S.  FRAENKEL,  I.e.,  p.  37).  The 
insertion  of  an  m  before  b  or  p  is  not  in- 
frequent.11 Arabic  kabasa=mariner,  tremper 

ii  Cf.  '/lit /J/ttK'w'/<=Hebrew  Habbeqiiq;  ambubaiae 
(HoR.,  '  Sat.'  <r,2,i)  from  Syriac  Jbub  ;  and  often  in  Assyri- 
an ;  for  example  imbii  they  called  for  ibbu  ;  fumbu  for  jubbu, 
etc. 


46  WM.    MUSS-ARNOLT 


dans  le  vinaigre,  conserver  qqch. ;  kabsu=con- 
servation  des  fruits. — To  Kuppel  let  KL.  add 
It.  cupola,  from  Late-Latin  cupula=fornix  ro- 
tundus  ;  this  from  Latin  cupa,  Greek  nuvnrf't  >v 
=nocfiOipoc  r'i  £7ii  roar  a.ndz,K>v  yivo/,i£i'r/ ;  and 
this  perhaps  from  the  Hebr.  qubbah,  a  tent,  a 
chamber  ("Numbers,"  xxv,  8);  cf.  Arab, 
qubbatun  tentroof,  vault,  tabernaculum  ;  xav- 
m/iL'V  is  mentioned  in  HESYCH.,  ii,  p.  525,  No. 
3834  (edit.  MORITZ  SCHMIDT);  also  compare 
al-qubbu=Alkoven. — Greek  ykvKv'ppt^a  be- 
came in  Latin  liquiritia,  after  the  analogy  of 
liquere,  whence  Lakritze. — Laterne  for  Lan- 
terne,  cf.  M.H.G.  lanterne  from  Fr.  lanterne, 
from  Lat.  lanterna,  which  is  borrowed  from 
Greek  ^aunrr/p. — Lec£eu(2)=to  kick,  to  beat, 
is  compared  by  Professor  PAUL  HAUPT  with 
Engl.  to  lick  some  one  (to  thrash  one).12 — KL. 

12  Also  written  locken,  for  example  '  wider  den  Stachel 
lucken,'  Acts  ix,  5  '  Rs  wird  dir  schwer  werden,  wider  den 
Stachel  zu  locken'=it  is  hard  for  thee  to  kick  against  the 
pricks.  It  is  the  Greek  Aa'|,  Xdy-8r/V  and  XaK-T-i  %£l  (', 
to  kick  with  the  foot.  Curtius,  '  Grundziige,'5  No.  534  has 
to  be  corrected  accordingly.  SKEAT  does  not  mention  to 
lick=to  kick. 


ON  KLUGE'S  DICTIONARY.  47 


might  have  mentioned  Letter=--Emporkirche 
^gallery  in  a  church,  from  Late-Lat.  lecto- 
rium,  and  Z^//w^r=reading-desk  in  a  church, 
pulpit,  from  Late-Lat.  lectionarium. — An  ety- 
mological note  on  Lilie,  lily  will,  have  to  con- 
sider now  Gutting.  Gelehrt.  Nachrichten,  1886, 
p.  141  ff.=LAG.  'Mitth.'  ii,  23.  The  Latin 
lilia  is  from  the  Greek  Aft/jinr,  and  this  from 
the  Egyptian  pvpi  (by  dissimilation  A?/pi),from 
a  verb  meaning  to  unfold;  cf.  Persian  laleh. 
'  Rose  und  Lilie  :  po6cv  und  Asi'piov  stammen 
nicht — wie  V.  Hehn  4  202  meint — von  Central- 
Asien,  sondern  die  eine  von  Persien,  die 
andere  von  Egypten,  wenigstens  die  uns  aus 
Egypten  zugekommene  weisse  Lilie. — For 
Losen  compare  the  noun  der  Loser— Ohr  des 
Wildes. 

To  the  article  '  Malve '  let  KL.  add  that 
malva  is  borrowed  from  the  Greek  //n-Aa'^?/ 
{cf.  LOTTNER,  KZ.,  vii,  164) ;  some  have  deriv- 
ed the  Greek  form  from  the  Hebrew  malluah, 
for  example,  BENFEY,  O.  SCHRADER,  etc.,  but 
see  L.  FLEISCHER'S  remarks  in  LEVY'S 
'Modern  Hebrew  Dictionary,'  ii,  568,  a,  and 


48  WM.   MUSS-ARNOLT 


LCEW,  'Aram.  Pflanzennamen,'  §§190,  308.— 
Mampfen—\.o  stutter,  seems  to  me  to  be  of  an 
onomatopoetic  origin. — Why  have  we  not  a 
word  on  Mammon,  which  has  become  natural^ 
ized  on  German  soil  ?  See  Getting.  Gelehrt. 
Anz.,  1884,  278f.=LAGARDE,  '  Mitteilungen,'  i, 
229;  also  LAG.,  'Nominal-formation,'  p.  185; 
E.  KAUTZSCH,  'Aramaische  Grammatik,"  pp, 
10  and  173 ;  DUVAL  in  the  Revue  des  etudes 
juives  (1883)  143.  And  C.  BEZOLD,  London 
Academy  (1888),  p.  4i6.=^/a«fl'c/(2)<Greek 
afiivySa'fa)  which  became  in  Latin  amygdala. 
Later  on  this  was  changed  into  amandola, 
based  on  a  popular  analogy  to  mandere,  to 
chew ;  for  Engl.  almond  compare  Sp.  alj 
mendra. — The  Latin  massa  (PLAUT.  'mil. 
glor.'  1065)  whence  German  Masse,  is  not  a 
genuine  Latin  word  ;  it  stands  for  maza  and 
this  from  the  Greek  /m'^r  dough  (from  /ta'rrfiv 
to  knead  dough).— I  miss  merzen,  answer* 
zen  to  reject,  to  remove;  cf.  das  Merzschaf\ 
and  Metall,  another  thoroughly  Germanized 
word<Greek  //£'r<rAJU;v ;  this,  according  to 
many  scholars,  from  a  Semitic  verb  matala  to 


ON  KLUGE'S  DICTIONARY'.  49 


forge;  see,  for  example,  Bezz.  Beitr.,  ii,  535: 

0.  SCHRADER,  '  Sprachvergleichung  und  Ur- 
geschichte  '  2  222-3  >  others  derive  it  from  the 
Greek  /^ra/lAoV,  to  seek,  to  dig  for  some- 
thing, for  example,  L.  FLEISCHER  in  LEVY, 

1.  c.,  ii,  309,  b.     But  HF. m/l/lttGJ  means  only  to 
seek,  to  look  for;  see  also  Kvicala  in  Berichte 
der  histor.-philologischen  Klasse  der  Wiener 
Academic,  1879,  p.  89;  A.  PICK  and    A.  MUL- 
LER  in  Bezz.  Beitr.  i,  203  and  335;  ib  ;  ix,  134; 
BUCHSENSCHUTZ  in  Zeitsc hrift  fiir  das  Gym- 
nasialwesen,  1875,  p.  248. — To  find  the  real  ety- 
mology of  Meute  (i)and  (2),  the  user  of  KLUGE'S 
'  etymological '  dictionary  is  compelled  to  con- 
sult such  books  as  BRACKET,  'Dictionnaire  e"ty- 
mologique   de   la  langue  francaise,   p.  352. — 
Miene,  we  are  simply  told,  'erst   N.H.D.  aus 
frz.  mine.'     That  does  not  help  us.     German 
Miene  and  EngL  mien  are  from  the  French 
mine < It.  mina<Lat.  mina=mena  (features); 
Miene  machen=to  threaten,  from  Latin  mina, 
minare,   and    Mine,   a   mine,   should  also  be 
mentioned. — Speaking   of  Mils,   Engl.     milt, 
KL.    says  :  '  diese  Bezeichnung  der  '  Milz  '  ist 


50  WM.    MUSS-ARNOLT 


spezifisch  germanisch.'  Let  him  seek  better 
information  in  LAG.,  'Arm.,'  p.  98,  §1412,  where 
Armenian  malz  occurs=German  MHz. — For 
Maurus:  Mavpo<;=n£^(r~,  Mohr,  see  Du 
CANGE,  s.  v. — For  Mutter,  cf.  also  Essig* 
•mutter  from  Du.  Moder=Bodensatz,  sedi- 
ments, grounds,  with  /for  d.*3 

The  Greek  W<5poS  whence  Latin  nardus 
and  German  Narde  goes  back  to  Hebrew 
nered  and  this  to  Skt.  nalada.  Cf.  for  example, 
I.  LOEW,  'Aramaische  Pflanzennamen,'  §316; 
Gutting.  Gelehrt.  Nachr.,  1886,  i45fT.=LAG., 
'  Mittheilungen,'  ii,  25  ff. 

Oase  has  become  a  good  German  word, 
from  Greek  ava6i?  (STRABO)  or  oa6ic  (ULP., 
'  Dig.'),  which  according  to  some  is  the  Coptic 
ouahe",  and  according  to  others  the  Arabic 

13.  The  French  auimuce,  Spanish  almutsa  (English  amice, 
American  your,  of  Philol.  x,  221)  point  to  an  Arabic  origin 
of  the  word  Mtitze .  SKEAT'S  etymology  is  very  improbable. 
If  Father  LAMMENS,  in  his  '  Remarques  sur  les  mots  fran- 
<;ais  drive's  de  1'arabe/  Beyrouth  1890,  has  not  treated 
aumuce,  I  hope  that  Professor  LAGARDE  or  some  other  Semi- 
tist  will  favor  us  with  a  discussion  of  aumuce — Mutze. 


ON    KLUGE  S    DICTIONARY.  51 

uadi,  a  valley,  a  plain. M- — For  Oel  and  Olive 
KLUGE  should  have  noticed  that  Latin  oleum 
was  formed  from  Greek  f.\amv  on  the  analogy 
of  Lat.  olere,  to  emit  a  smell,  to  smell  of  any- 
thing. On  'oil,  olive,  and  olive  tree'  see 
Getting.  Gelehrt.  Nachr.,  1889,  307  ff.=LAG., 
'  Mitth.,'  iii,  21  ff.  ;  the  home  of  the  olive  tree 
is  Armenia.  Oil  in  Armenian  is  /t'A  or  £?-A  ; 
modern  Armenian  e/\,  which  in  its  pronuncia- 
tion seems  to  be  older  than  the  written  f.vA, 
ivX  (cf.  LAG.,  'Arm.,'  §207);  ivA,  si>A.  and  ^A 
are  connected  with  ?.\ai<v,  which  cannot  be 
explained  as  grown  on  Greek  soil,  as  an  origi- 
nal Greek  word  (G.  CURTIUS,  'Grundziige'5,359 
is  entirely  in  the  wrong  with  reference  to  this 
point).  The  Gothic  and  Litho-Slavic  forms 
have  no  connection  with,  nor  relationship  to 
Greek  ekaiov,  because  there  were  no  olive 
trees  in  those  countries.  The  Greek  kXaiov  is 
borrowed  from  the  Armenian  : 

'  Der  Oelbaum    stammt  von  der  Sudktiste 
Klein-Asiens,    ebenfalls  aus  e*ranischem    Ge- 

14.  This  latter  derivation,  according  to  Professor  LAGARDE, 
is  "sicher  falsch." 


52  WM.    MUSS-ARNOLT 


biete,  1st  von  da  den  Griechen  (als  rXaiov)  von 
Stammverwandten  der  Armenier  zugefuhrt 
vvorden.  Die  Kultur  des  Oelbaumes  is  nach 
Fenestella  in  Italien  nicht  alter  als  das  siebente 
Jahrhundert  vor  Christo.  Zum  Schlusse,  says 
Lagarde,  mache  ich  aufmerksam,  dass  die  bei 
den  Israeliten  und  Juden  umlaufende  Fluth- 
sage  den  Oelbaum  nach  Armenien  setzt,  da 
die  aus  der  gestrandeten  Arche  Noe's  ausge- 
sandte  Taube  doch  wol  das  beriihmte  Oel- 
baum-blatt  aus  keiner  andern  Landschaft  als 
Ararat  (H.  Kiepert's  'AA.ap68wi)  geholt  hat.' 

Packe  dich!  after  the  Lat.  apage<  Greek 
anayp . — For  a  better  etymology  of  palma  let 
KL.  read  BLAU'S  article  in  ZDMG,  xxv,542  rem. 
i,  andO.  WEISE,  '  Lehnworter,'  p.  136  rm.  2. — 
The  users  of  our  '  etymological '  dictionary 
must  think  that  Lat.  panther,  panthera  is  "die 
letzte  Quelle  "  for  the  word  panther;  SKEAT, 
s.v.,  says:  'Origin  unknown.'  Panther  is 
from  the  Skt.  pundarika ;  this  would  be  on 
Greek  soil  itvvStjpiKa.  The  panther  being  a 
wild  animal  (3r/p),  the  -dr?p-  was  changed  into 
-Sr/p-  and  the  termination  -ixa,  so  rare  in 
early  Greek,  dropped;  this  give  TtvvSrjp; 
TIVV-,  however,  gave  no  sense,  while  nav-  was 


ON    KLUGE  S   DICTIONARY.  53 


a  well-known  form  ;  thus  nvvSi/p  was  changed 
into  nav^rfp  which,  also  gave  rise  to  the  M.H.G. 
pan-tier,  a  secondary  popular  etymology.  rs  — 
Under  Panzer  reference  should  be  made  to 
Latin  pantex,  the  paunch,  the  bowels,  whence 
It.  pancia.  —  Pap'er,  KL.  says,  is  from  the  Lat.- 
Greek  papyrum  -Tta'nvpo-.  But  the  latter  is 
not  a  Greek  word.  See  Gotting.  gelehrt. 
Anz.  (15  April,  1887),  p.  311-312.  =LAG.  '  Mit- 
theilungen,'  ii,  260-261,  where  the  author  says  : 

Konnten  gewisse  Salzfische  und  gewisse 
Turbanbinden  Burische  heissen,  weil  sie  aus 
Bura(bei  Damiette  in  Egypten)  stammten,  so 
konnte  auch  das  aus  den  Rohren  des  bei  Bura 
gelegenen  Menzale-sees  gefertigte  Schreib- 
stoffals  (Koptisch)  Pa-bour(das  Burische)  be- 
zeichnet  werden.  Bura,  near  Damiette,  was  a 
well-known  centre  for  paper-manufacturing. 
See  also  LOEW,  'Aram.  Pflanzennamen,'  §30. 

—  Latin  pardalis,  pardus,  whence  German  Par- 
del,  parder  (cf.  leopard}  is  borrowed  from  the 
Greek  itd(jfta\.i$,  TtdpSoZ,  which  is  the  Skt. 

15  "  Physiologus  in  all  editions  for  English  readers;  Jesus 
Sohn  des  Parders,  bei  Eisenmenger  'Entdecktes  Judentum." 
Paul  de  Lagarde. 


54  WM.    MUSS-ARNOLT 


pridaku,  pridaku. — Why  does  KL.  omit  Patsche 
patschen,  patscheln  and  patsch  ?  (i)  Hand- 
schlag,  from  Fr.  battre,  schlagen  ;  (2)  hreit  auf- 
tretender  Fuss  ;  aufspreitzende  Fliissigkeit,  in 
die  man  tritt,  aus  Fr.  patte,  Pfote.  The 
etymologies  of  battre  and  patte  are  given  by 
BRACKET,  1.  c. — If  Pauke  goes  back  to  Latin 
bucina,  it  should  be  remembered  that  the 
latter  is  a  contraction  from  bovi-cina  (from 
bovem+canere),  whence  Greek  fivtidvy;  cf. 
also  Engl.  bugle;  there  should  be  a  cross- 
reference  to  Posaune. — Latin  poena,  whence 
Pein,  is  borrowed  from  the  Greek  Ttoivtj ;  cf. , 
for  example,  O.  WEISE,  '  Lehnworter,'  p.  545 ; 
and  pelicanus  (Pelikan)  is  from  the  Greek 
7r£/\£x<?VoS  and  this,  according  to  WEISE,  ib., 
p.  no,  from  an  Egyptian  source,  as  the  bird's 
home  is  Egypt. — For  Pelz  cf.  also  pelzen, 
M.H.G.  belzen=\\\  die  Rinde  pfropfen,  from 
Fr.  pel,  peau<Lat.  pellis. — Petschaft  and 
Pitschieren  (for  Petschieren  after  the  analogy 
of  Pitscli)  are  from  the  Hebrew  pittuhim 
Gdtt.  Gelehrt.  Nachr.,  1882,  402;  LAG.. 
'Nominal-formation,'  p.  85);  and  Lat.  piper 


ON  KLUGE'S  DICTIONARY.  55 


(whence  Pfeffer)  is  borrowed  from  the 
Greek  nF.nf.pi ;  this  from  Skt.  pipala : 
cf.  also  the  Arabic  babary.  LOEW,  '  Pflanzen- 
namen,'  §§259  and  316. — Under  Pflaume  from 
Lat.  prunum,  Greek  npovi'ov  and  irpovf.ti'<.v 
notice  the  dialectical  form  Prumme. — German 
Plage  cannot  be  etymologically  explained 
from  Lat.  plaga,  unless  we  know  that  this  is 
borrowed  from  the  Greek  itXiiyj}  a  blow,  a 
stroke,  from  the  verb  itfa'/cr?.tv,  to  strike. — 
French  plan,  whence  German  der  Plan,  goes 
back  to  Latin  planum.  Plan  being  given,  we 
expect  a  word  on  die  Plane :  coarse  linen 
(grob-leinenes  Tncli)  cf.  Plamvagen,  from  the 
plural  of  Die  ./?/a^£=M.H.G.  blahe\  grobc 
Packlein  wand,  coarse  pack-cloth  ;  cf.  the  pro- 
vincial #/#A£=curtain, — Platz  (2)  M.  '  Diinner 
Kuchen,'  M.H.D.,  nur  im  md.  platzbecke= 
Fladenbacker,  ob  zu  platt?  oder  aus  poln. 
placek  '  flacher '  Kuchen  (KLUGE).  But  why 
not  from  the  Latin  placenta,  with  a  leaning 
towards  Platz  (i)— square;  placenta,  again,  is 
borrowed  from  the  Greek  7rA<roi7?,  a  flat  cake, 
after  the  analogy  of  'placere,'  to  please,  to 


56  WM.    MUSS-ARNOLT 


satisfy. — Plusch,  'M.  erst  N.H.D.  nach  gleich- 
bedeutend.  fr.  peluche  (it.  pelnzzo),'  so 
KLUGE  ;  but  where  is  the  etymology.  ?  Fr. 
peluche  from  It.  peluccio,  this  from  Lat. 
piluccius,  a  derivative  of  pilum ;  the  change  of 
i  into  e  is  regular  for  atonic  syllables. — Under 
Posse=Zierrat  (ornament)  reference  should 
be  made  to  bosseln  (2);  Basse,  bossiereh  (Fr. 
bosseler)  cf.  M.H.G.  bdzen  to  strike,  and 
Amboss  (anebdz).  "Dazu,"  says  KLUGE, 
"  Engl.  bosh,  Schein,  Anschein  "  ?  Engl. 
bosh,  oh  bosh.,  is  from  the  Turkish  bosh, 
idle,  vain,  and  was  brought  to  England  by  the 
English  soldiers  during  the  Crimean  war 
(MiKLOSiCH,  1.  c.). — Why  does  KL.  omit  Potz 
(in  imprecations)  for  botz=Bocks,  cf.  M.H.G, 
helleboc=-&e\\\;  Potztausend,cf.  /Jojufias  ;  while 
Potzteufe/=Gottes~teuk\  (cf.  corbleu=corps 
de  dieu ;  sangbleu=sang  de  dieu). — An  '  ety- 
mological '  dictionary  should  at  least  state 
\\iz\.prophezeien  (M.H.G. prophezie, prophetic) 
has  its  '  letzte  Quelle '  in  Greek  TTpocpijTfia 
(this  from  itpocpifrifi,  the  noun  to  itpotpdvai  to 
say  before-hand,  to  foretell,  originally  to  pro- 


ON  KLUGE'S  DICTIONARV.  57 

nounce. — Could  not  Pumpe  have  some  con- 
nection with  Greek  TTO^TTO?  a  (water-)  conduc- 
tor, an  instrument  by  which  the  water  is  sent 
up  to  the  surface  (from  Greek  ite. jun F.IV  to  send)? 
—Putzen  (verb)  from  the  late  M.H.G.  biitzen 
'to  decorate'  (so  KLUGE);  but  why  not,  for 
the  sake  of  etymology,  add  that  putsen  is 
derived  from  the  noun  Putz,  which  is  borrow- 
ed from  the  Latin  putus,  clear,  bright?  An 
entirely  different  word  is  Butze,  Butz,  (M.H. 
G.  butze)  Po^er—and  Klopfgeist,  a  ghost ; 
then  also  a  disagreeable  object,  from  M.H.G. 
biezen,\.o  strike,  to  beat.— Speaking  of  the  ety- 
mology of  Quitte,  Engl.  quince,  from  the 
Lat.  .cotonea,  KLUGE  says  :  '  der  Zusammen- 
hang  dieses  Lat.  cotdnea,  (Nebenform  cotta- 
num)  mit  gr.  xv8.oovF.a  ist  unklar.  But  there  is 
a  Cyprian  form  Ko8oovs(x=:jLttfA.a  KvSwvia— 
6vna  xEiuEpira'  which  answers  to  the  Lat. 
cotonea  ;  the  change  from  d  to  /  being  not  so 
rare,  see  Also  LOEW,  'Aram.  Pflanzennamen,' 
§§  103  and  279.  The  Greek  is  from  the  Semitic. 
Why  not  refer  under  Rahmen  to  Latin  ra- 


58  WM.    MUSS-ARNOLT 

mus,  a  branch,  a  twig? — For  Rain  bear  in 
mind  Rain-farn,  changed  from  M.H.G.  Raine- 
vane=Grenzfahne,  ein  Doldengewachs. — • 
There  are  two  German  words  Rang(\)  in  'den 
Rang  ablaufen,'  from  ringen,  for  original 
Rank,  still  found  in  the  seventeenth  century  ; 
later  on  Rank  was  no  longer  understood  ety- 
mologically  and  changed  to  Rang  after  the 
analogy  of  Rang(2)—Reihe=tQ'W. — If  I  am 
not  mistaken,  there  is  a  M.H.G.  ranz— -fight, 
dispute,  whence  the  N.H.G.  an-ranzen;  this 
ranz  may  be  connected  with  the  M.H.G.  verb 
rensen=ransen  or  ranzen—to  stretch  out  one's 
limbs,  to  behave  in  a  boorish,  impudent  man- 
ner (sich  zuchtlos  benehmen). — Rappuse.  KL. 
should  study  in  Getting.  Gelehrt.  Anz.,  1885, 
p.  59=LAG.(  'Mitth.,'  iii  (toward  the  end), 
where  we  read : 

Rappuse  stammt  nicht  von  dem  aus  irgend 
einer  Kinderschule  aufgelesenen  Zeitworte  : 
weg-rapsen  (wie  das  Register  zur  Revidirten 
Lutherbibel,  1883,  uns  weis  macht)  sondern  ist 
das  Franzosische — von  Fr.  Diez  nicht  gedeu- 
tete — grabuge ;  grabuge  war  noch  1839  ein 
beliebtes  Kartenspiel. 


ON    KLUGE  S    DICTIONARY.  59 


KL.  might  have  inserted  Rate  (F.)  from  Fr. 
rate,  Latin  rata  (pars)  a  fixed  share,  portion  ; 
cf.  Engl.  rate. — For  Rauschgelb  see  LAG., 
'Arm.,'  §757  and  'Semitica,'  i,  64. — Reis  (i) 
goes  back  to  Skt.  vnhi  and  Old-Persian  brizi ; 
see  LAG.,  'Arm.,'  §431,  and  LOEW,  'Aram. 
Prlanzennamen,'  §306. — A  good  German  word 
=citizen  by  this  time — though  not  yet  recog- 
nised by  KL. — is  das  Revier  from  O.  Fr.  riviere 
(bank  of  a  river),  Sp.  ribera,  from  Late-Lat. 
*riparia  (a  derivative  of  ripa,  bank,  shore) ;  Re- 
vier became  a  neuter  in  German,  after  das 
Ufer. — For  Rhabarber  compare  Greek  f.>d 
/ldij[lap'>v,  and  study  LAG.,  'Abh.,'  p.  82,  No. 
213. — I  should  like  to  see  the  following  para- 
graph in  the  fifth  edition  :  Ried  (n.)  (i)  ausge- 
rodeter  Boden,  M.H.D.  riet  (riecles),  A.H.D. 
riot,  neben  edit  M.H.D.  riute,  A.H.D.  riuti= 
Riet  oder  Rent,  von  M.H.D.  riuten,  reuten  ; 
cf.  Beckenried,  Schussenried,  Winkelried ; 
Baireuth,  etc.  ;  und  roden,  sowie  die  Stadte- 
namen :  Rodheim,  Romrod,  Wernigerode ; 
Roth  und  Neuroth,  etc.  (2)  Low-German  for 
Riet,  q.  v. — There  is  in  German  another  word 


60  WM.   MUSS-ARNOLT 

Ricmen—'  an  oar '  from  the  Latin  remus,  and 
this  from  Greek  f.per/j,6~. — Ries,  from  Late- 
Latin  and  Italian  risma,  may  go  back  to  Latin 
rismus.from  the  Greek  (a)pt$m>':.. — The  article 
Rose  does  not  give  an  etymology  of  the  word  ; 
everybody  knows  that  the  German  is  from  the 
Lat.  rosa  ;  '  rosa  ist  den  Griechen  abgeborgtes 
poSsa  mit  assibilierung,  wie  Clausus  statt 
Claudius,  Ital.  orzo=orge  (=hordeum) '  POTT 
in  KZ,  26,  140.  Greek  puSov  (Archil,  frgm 
~M  29)=/'/jo5oK=iAeolian/^py'f5c'vis  theArmenian. 
vard,  whence  Modern  Persian  gul,  and  Ara- 
mean  vardah ;  Coptic  vert,  ourt.  (ABEL, 
'Koptische  Untersuchungen,'  i,  208);  see  also, 
Zeitschr.  der  deutsch.  morgenl.  Gesellsch., 
vii,  iiSff.,  and  xiii,  390;  KZ,  x,  490,  and  xxiii, 
37;  LAG.,  'Arm.,'  p.  143,  §2106  and  idem., 
'Abh.,'  75,6,  and  see  s.v.  Lilie;  LOEW,  'Aram. 
Pflanzennamen,'  §88;  O.  WEISE,  Lehnworter, 
p.  21,  bel\  SPIEGEL  in  KUHN  and  SCHLEICH- 
ER'S  Beitragen,  i,  317  derived  it  from  the  Skt. 
vridh,  to  grow. 

'Salamander  (M.)  aus  M.H.D.  salamander. 
M. — Fr.  salamandra ;    der  Ursprung  der  stu- 


ON  KLUGE'S  DICTIONARY.  61 

dentischen  Salamander,  der  erst  in  die  3oer 
oder  4oer  Jahre  unseres  Jahrhunderts  fallt,  ist 
sehr  umstritten.' 

So  KLUGE,  but  this  is,  to  say  the  least,  very 
confusing.  The  fifth  edition,  let  us  hope,  will 
change  it  into  something  like  the  following : 
Salamander  (M.)(i)  a  lizard,  from  Fr.  salaman- 
dre<Lat.  salamandra< Greek  6aA.auav6pa 
<  Arab.  samandar<Persian  samandar-dur-dal- 
dul ;  from  Persian  samand=red  as  flre  ;  (2)  in 
Salamander  reiben,  an  expression  first  heard 
toward  1840  at  the  University  of  Bonn.  Sala- 
mander reiben  originally  means  '  to  drink  one 
another's  health.'  Every  German  student 
knows  how  fond  our  commilitones  were  and 
still  are  of  using  foreign  words  for  greeting, 
etc.  One  of  the  commonest  is  the  Arabic  sal- 
am  (alaika),  health  (to  thee).  I  believe  that 
the  origin  of  the  Salamander  reiben  is  the  fol- 
lowing :  Salamander  stands  for  Salam  ein- 
ander  zutrinken  ;  this  was  contracted  after  the 
analogy  of  the  name  of  the  lizard,  into  Salam 
(fin)  ander  zutrinken,  as  is  the  case  in  many 
other  expressions ;  for  example,  Salmiac  for 


62  WM.    MUSS-ARNOLT 


sal-ammoniac,  bos'n  for  boatswain.to'gal'nts'ls 
=topgallantsails  and  cf.  WM.  D.  WHITNEY, 
'  Language  and  the  study  of  language,'  p.  y2f., 
etc.  The  original  meaning  was  soon  lost  sight 
of,  and,  as  the  ceremony  before  drinking  one 
another's  salam  consisted  in  gently  rubbing  the 
glass  of  beer  over  the  surface  of  the  table,  the 
expression  arose  einen  Salamander  reiben. — 
The  Latin  salmo,  whence  German  Salm,  is  of 
Celtic  origin=salmo,  according  to  O.  WEISK, 
'  Lehnworter,'  p.  13. — The  Greek  form  whence 
comes  Latin  sarda  and  German  Sarder,  is  not 
6a'p^iovbut6d/j^r/. — KL. might  have  mention- 
ed Schabracke  (F.)  from  the  Tataric  caprak  (a 
cover),  a  word  much  better  known  than  Peke- 
sche,  etc., — or  Schablone  (from  Middle-Du. 
schampelion,  exemplar,  pattern)  <Fr.  champ- 
ion (cf.  Engl.  champion);  Late-Latin  campio, 
one  who  engages  in  any  contest,  also  standard 
weight  (Mttster-Gewicht),  from  Lat.  campus. — 
Schach  should  refer  to  'matt'  for  Schach-matt= 
Engl.checkmate=Fr.e'chec  et  n\&\..-Schachern 
being  given,  we  should  expect  also  schachten, 
a  Modern-Jewish  word,  from  Hebrew  schahat 


ON  KLUGE'S  DICTIONARV. 


to  butcher,  to  slaughter. — Schafott,  KL.  says, 
(N.)  erst  N.H.D.,  mit  (oder  vermittelst  ?)  ndl. 
schavot  aus  frz.  £chafaut,  alter  chafaut.  But 
where  is  the  etymology  of  the  word  ?  Schafott 
is  from  Fr.  echafaut  (O.  Fr.  chafaut)  <  It.  cata- 
falco  (cf.  German  A'«fo/a//fc)<Old-Sp.  catar  to 
look  (from  Lat.  captare)  and  It.  palco=balco- 
ny  (from  O.H.G.  der  />«/f//o=Balken,  the 
beam,  rafter),  also  see  BRACKET,  1.  c.,  p.  192.— 
Greek  tixffirrtjov  (i.  Schaft}  should  have  a 
cross-reference  to  Zepter,a.nd  Zepterto  Schaft\ 
so  also  Psalter  and  Salter,  etc. — The  Lat. 
calamus,  whence  Schalmei,  is  borrowed  from 
the  Greek  xriAa/to?,  a  reed;  a  good  rational 
etymology  of  the  word  is  given  by  BRACKET, 
1.  c.,  on  p.  192,  s.v.  echalotte. — The  French 
chancre,  whence  Germ.  Schanker  is  from  the 
Latin  cancer,  an  ulcer.— Schanier  and  Schar- 
nier  (N.)  has  become  a  good  German  word  ; 
from  Fr.  charniere<Lat.  cardinaria  ;  this  from 
cardo,  cardinis,  a  hinge. — Schieleii  KLUGK 
refers  to  schel\  correct  it  into  schccl,  q.v.,  and 
observe  that  schecl-sichtig  is  from  schecl 
se/ien  and  scheelsiichtig  from  Scheel-suclit. — 


64  WM.   MUSS-ARNOLT 

, 

The  M.H.G.  si-fir,  mentioned  under  Schlaraffe, 
is  to  be  connected  with  Engl.  to  slur,  Germ. 
schliiren,  schloren,  schltirren,  etc.,  to  do  some- 
thing- negligently  or  slovenly. — Schlipfrig— 
schliipfrig  (so  KLUGE)  ;  but  is  not  schliipfrig 
from  M.H.G.  slitpfen<sliefen,  while  schlip' 
frig  is  the  O.H.G.  sliph=schlipf,  abrutschen 
<schleifen,  M.H.G.  sttfenl — Schoppen  is  bor- 
rowed from  the  Latin  scyphus  and  this  from 
the  Greek  dnvcpo?  (which  is  the  same  as  xvqio?, 
Lat.  cupa);  cf.  O.  WEISE,  'Lehnworter,'  p.  8. 
— Latin  scGla,  whence  Schule,  should  be  re- 
ferred to  Greek  6x.oX.ri  and  Lat.  scutula,  scu- 
tella,  whence  Schtissel,  to  Greek  6HvrdXri. 
— Between  Schutz  and  Schwach  I  would  insert 
Schwabe=Mehlkafer,  M.H.D.  swarbe,  von 
swirben=sich  wirbelnd  bewegen ;  and  after 
schwarz  a  note  on  Schwarzkunst  (F.)  Engl. 
necromancy.  Greek  v£KpouavT£ia  became 
through  a  misunderstanding  on  the  part  of  the 
Late-Latin  translators  nigromantia,  assimilat- 
ing it  to  Lat.  niger,  black,  dark  ;  nigromantia 
translated  into  German  gave  Schwarzkunst.— 
Schwein  should  mention  Schweinigel,  whose 


ON    KLl'GK  S    DICTIONARV. 


second  component  part  appears  to  be=> 
(a  small  horse,  a  pony,  then  also  an  insignifi- 
cant, contemptible  fellow);  cf.  Du.  tiegge  and 
Kngl.  nag.  —  Seide  should  refer  to  Kngl.  satin  ; 
—The  Latin  Sapo,  Seife,  is  the  Greek  6»itwv 
and  Fr.  c£leri,  whence  Sellerie,  is  from  the 
Italian  seleri,  which,  according  to  BRACHET,  is 
'line  forme  piemontaise.'  —  Siffic/i  from  Lat. 
psittacns,  Greek  tiimuio;,  goes  back  to  the 
Armenian  '.or^a*;  cf.  LAG.  'Arm.,'  §868.  — 
Under  Skizze  mention  might  be  made  of  Fng. 
sketch,  and  Fr.  esquisse  ;  all  go  back  to 
Greek  tf^a'/o?.  —  Smaragd  :  gelehrtes  Wort 
nach  lat.  smaragdus  (so  KIA'GK)  ;  that  is  no  ety- 
mology. Lat.  smaragdus  is  from  the  Greek 
6na()a)'8oz=ni\payfto?  and  this  from  the  Skt. 
marakata,  which  also  passed  into  Hebrew  as 
bareqeth,  with  assimilation  tobaraq,  it  shines, 
it  flickers;  cf.  LAG.  'Arm.,'  §785-6.  BK/./.. 
Ilcitr.,  vii,  171;  KZ.  .\.\.\.  85  and  440  f.—  For 
Socke  let  Ki..  read  C).  WKISK,  '  Lehnworter,' 
p.  20  and  rm.  i.  —  1  miss  the  word  Soda  from 
the  Lat.  solida  :  firm,  compact  (aus  der  festeii 
.Asche  von  Strandpflanzen  gewonnen)  ;  and 


66  WM.    MUSS-ARNOLT 


Spalier  from  Fr.  espalier<lt.  spalla<Lat. 
spatula,  a  diminutive  of  Lat.  spatha.  which  is 
borrowed  from  the  Greek  (6ita^nf) ;  see  also 
Spaten. — In  studying  Spargel,  bear  in  mind 
that  Lat.  asparagus  is  borrowed  from  the 
Greek  (afindpayos),  and  this  from  the  Zend 
cparegha ;  cf.  Lith.  spurges  and  also  Engl. 
asparagus. — Spelunke  (F.)  might  have  been 
quoted  ;  from  Lat.  spelunca,  which  is  borrow- 
ed from  the  Greek  <3it?jkvy\,  a  grotto,  a  cave. — 
Under  Spiegel  reference  sould  be  made  to  Fr. 
espie"gle,  roguish,  explaining  the  name  Eulen- 
spiegel. — Staff,  KLUGE  says,  (M.)  erst  nhd.  mit 
ndl.  stof  und  Engl.  stuff;  aus  dem  Roman., 
vgl.  frz.  e"toffe ;  ital.  stoffa  (F.) ;  deren  Ur- 
sprung  unaufgeklart  ist.  BRACHET,  1.  c.,  p. 
220  says:  Fr.  e"toffe<O.  Fr.  estoffe  and  It. 
stoffa,  from  Germ,  stoff;  while  SKEAT,  s.  v. 
stuff,  derives  all  the  modern  forms  from  Lat. 
stupa,  stuppa,  the  coarse  part  of  flax ;  he 
forgets,  however,  to  add  that  this  Latin  word 
is  borrowed  from  the  Greek  tirvTTT/^tirvnri/, 
as  does  also  KLUGE,  s.  v.  Stopfel  (see  O. 
WEISK,  'Lehnworter,'  p.  26,  above).  In  Arab- 


ON  KLUGE'S  DICTIONARY.  67 


ic  we  have  a  noun  caub,  9ob=dress,  clothing ; 
Semitic  f  being  transliterated  in  the  European 
languages  by  st,  as  I  have  shown  above  s.  v. 
Alabaster,  an  Arabic  origin  of  this  word  (stoffa 
<cob)  would  not  be  very  strange.  I  will  add 
here  that  Professor  LAGARDE  doubts  this  ety- 
mology, and  I  hope  that  soon  another  and 
better  one  will  be  proposed. — For  straucheln 
cf.  Engl.  to  struggle. 

Tappe  I  would  take  to  be  an  onomatopoetic 
word,  just  as  mam£fen,q.\>.  above. —  'J'eppichis 
'  traced  '  back  as  far  as  Lat.  tapetum  !  Lat. 
tapetum  is  from  the  Greek  cam,*,  n\n),i(o  ),  a 
carpet,  a  rug,  a  woven  piece  of  cloth  ;  from  a 
verb,  found  in  modern  Eranian  as  tab  :  to  spin, 
to  weave  (cf.  New  Persian  taftah,  taftik  and 
toftik,  TOMASCHEK,  'Studieii,'  ii,  142).  '  In- 
dessen,'  says  O.  SCHRADER  KZ,  xxx,  484,  No. 
39,  'ware  es  wol  moglich,  dass  in  mV//f  ein 
schon  homerisches  Lehnwort  aus  iranischem 
Kulturkreis  vorliegt.'  Also  cf.  O.  SCHRADER, 
'  Sprachvergleichung  und  Urgeschichte,'  477. 
—  Thran:  train-oil  may  perhaps  be  the  M.H. 
(',.  trahcii,  contracted  into  trdn  (=drops). 


68  WM.    MUSS-ARNOLT 

— Fr.  trousse,  whence  Germ.  Tross,  is  from  the 
Late-Lat.  trossa,  a  noun  to  the  verb  trossare, 
to  pack,  which  is  connected  with  Lat.  tor- 
(juere. — We  have  in  German  not  only  der 
Trupp,  but  also  die  Truppe  from  Fr.  la  troupe 
and  this  from  Lat.  turba. — The  Lat.  turris, 
whence  Turin,  is,  again,  borrowed  from  the 
Greek  ruYJpz?=ri>/jtf*?. — For  0/V0?=vinum= 
Wein  (wine)  see,  e.g.,  LAG.,  'Arm.,'  p.  35,  No. 
484  and  LAG.  '  Mittheilungen,'  ii,  356  and  356; 
idem  in  'Nominal-formation,'  p.  104,  rein.  2; 
KZ,  x.xiii,  82  and  xxiv,  233;  BEZZ.  Beitr.,  i,  294 
and  FLECKEISENS  Neuejahrbiicher,  1888,  p. 
264. 

For  Zclter  compare  the  Span.  Ze\t=Pass- 
gang.^ — The  Arabic  noun  for  Ziffer\s$ifr,pl. 
acfar. — The  Greek  Mivvttfwv,  whence  Zimmet, 
is  from  the  Semitic,  and  was  imported  from 
Phoenicia. — Zither,  Greek  HI :S a pa  goes  back 
to  the  Persian  ciar  (four)-(-tar  (side). — For  Zi- 
trone,  whose  origin  according  to  KLUGE  is  un- 
known, compare  LAGARDE,  'Semitica,'  i,  56 
(Catting.  Gelehrt.AbhandL,  vol.  xxxiii,  1878): 

1 6  See  also    Professor  H.   WOOD    in  American    Journ.of 
J'hiiol.  x,  2ai. 


ON  KIAJGK'S  DICTIONARY.  69 

'  Citron  war  vvol  tin  Missverstandnis  des  aus 
ttalienischem  citrolo  riicklatinisierten  citrullus., 
des  mittelalterlichen  Namens  der  Arbuse  oder 
VVassermelone. ' 

The  Modern-Arabic  name  for  Zitrone  is  lai- 
mun  or  limun,  whence  our  Engl.  lemon. 

In  conclusion,  1  would  again  cheerfully 
acknowledge  the  great  merits  of  KLCGK'S 
work  in  the  field  of  Teutonic  etymology  and 
phonetics.  It  has  been  said  with  great  justice  : 
"  Etymology  is  both  the  most  important 
and  the  most  difficult  member  of  the 
sciences  which  cluster  around  the  study 
of  language."  The  absence  of  references 
to  etymological  literature  has  been  noted  as 
a  serious  defect  in  C.  H.  BALG'S  book,  'A  Com- 
parative Glossary  of  the  Gothic  Language'; 
the  same  criticism  applies  still  more  forcibly 
to  KUHJE'S  dictionary.  Let  him  read  the  last 
paragraph  on  p.  101  of  the  American  Journal 
of  Philology,  xi.  The  influence  of  Modern- 
Hebrew  on  the  German  language  has  by  no 
means  yet  been  fully  recognized ;  it  would  be 


70  WM.    MUSS-ARNOLT 


a  valuable  and  useful  work,  if  some  Teutonic 
scholar  of  Jewish  extraction  were  to  examine 
the  word-stock  of  the  German  language  from 
the  point  of  view  of  Modern-Hebrew. 


CORRECTIONS 


Page    7,  1.  17  read  Gottingen. 
8,  "    5     "      dticpopev?. 
12,  "  18     "     inah/an. 
14, note  4,"      <rA-f. 

21,  1.  20    "      tors  us. 

22,  "      9      "        fflf.1'0?. 

28,  "  24  "  avrimparoop. 

32,  "13  "  //(jyj/o/j. 

34,  "  17  "  Talmudic-rahhin. 

35,  "  16  "  /ti'vtjiMah<>: 
39,  "    5  "  (fl'ar 

42,  "  19     "      (^Mi;</-) 

43,  "    8    "      kanoii- 
50,  "    4    "      ^lavfjo~ 

50,  note,  1.  i  read  ammice 

53,  1.    8  read  Gotting.  Gelehrt. 

55,  "  23     "      TrAavnr: 

64,  "    4    "     Schlipfrig— -schliipfrig. 
On  the  etymology  of  the  word   "God  "  see 
aiso  London  Academy,  N'os.  892,  893  and  894; 
June  8,  15  and  22,  1889;  pp.  397,  413  and  432. 


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